Result: Within the Spike protein, there are four such mutations (T19R, L452R, T478K, and P681R) as well (mean prevalenceDelta = 99.86%, mean prevalenceotherVariantsofConcern = 0.04%).
Table: T478K
Figure: Residues corresponding to Spike protein mutations T19R, T478K, and P681R are missing from the structure of the Spike protein and hence not shown here.
Analysis of SARS-COV2 spike protein variants among Iraqi isolates.
Abstract: Twenty-two distinct mutations were identified within the spike protein regions which were:
Introduction: This variant is characterized by having several mutations in the spike proteins including L452R, T478K and P681R.
Result: Mutation of T478K in the RBD can be found in both Delta and Kappa (B.1.617.2/1) variants of the virus, but not in Alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), or Gamma (P.1).
Result: Such mutation, same as T478K, increases the transmissibility of the virus.
Result: These mutations were L452 (Q, M), T478K, N501Y, A520S, A522V.
Genomic Diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in Algeria and North African Countries: What We Know So Far and What We Expect?
Abstract: Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes revealed the existence of eleven GISAID clades with GR (variant of the spike
Result: In addition, fifteen other substitutions affect the spike protein including Q954H, N764K, H655Y, K417N, G339D, N211K, Q493R, S371L, S373P, S375F, S477N, T478K, E484A, N440K and G446S were detected as the most frequent mutation events in more than 84% of total genomes.
SARS-CoV-2 Beta and Delta variants trigger Fc effector function with increased cross-reactivity.
Method: The SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-1 spike, cloned into pCDNA3.1 was mutated using the QuikChange Lightning Site-Directed Mutagenesis kit (Agilent Technologies) and NEBuilder HiFi DNA Assembly Master Mix (NEB) to include D614G (original) or lineage defining mutations for Alpha (DEL69-70, DEL144, N501Y, A570D, D614G, P681H, T716I, S982A, D1118H), Beta (L18F, D80A, D215G, 242-244del, K417N, E484K, N501Y, D614G and A701V<
Molecular and Epidemiological Characterization of Emerging Immune-Escape Variants of SARS-CoV-2.
Method: For instance, a Delta variant spike haplotype consisting of T19R, 256_258delinsG, L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R, and D950N is also assigned to another haplotype group of T19R, L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R, and D950N, which is missing a 256_258delinsG variant.
Rapid detection of the widely circulating B.1.617.2 (Delta) SARS-CoV-2 variant.
Abstract: Whole genome sequencing of 46 randomly selected samples validated the strains identified as positive and negative for the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant and confirmed the S gene deletion in addition to B.1.617.2 characteristic mutations
Result: Genome sequencing of 46 samples confirmed with 100% accuracy the S gene deletion in addition to B.1.617.2 characteristic L452R, T478K, P681R, and D950N mutations located in the spike protein.
Result: In addition, non-synonymous mutations C>G (T19R), T>G (L452R), C>A (T478K), C>G (P681R) and G>A G (D950N) were identified.
Allosteric Determinants of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Binding with Nanobodies: Examining Mechanisms of Mutational Escape and Sensitivity of the Omicron Variant.
PMID: 35216287
2022
International journal of molecular sciences
Introduction: Strikingly, K417N, T478K, G496S, Y505H, and the triple S371L, S373P, S375F can reduce affinity to ACE2 while driving immune evasion and providing a final net affinity for ACE2 similar to the original virus.
Result: Moreover, it was proposed that K417N, T478K, G496S, Y505H, and the mutations at the cryptic epitope S371L, S373P, S375F can reduce affinity to ACE2 while driving immune evasion.
Result: We also examined the effect of Omicron mutations in the PMID: 35215823
2022
Viruses
Introduction: It has been reported that several mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 RBM, such as N439K, L452R, S477N, T478K, E484K, S494P, N501Y, and A502S, have increased the infectivity and stability of SARS-CoV-2.
Discussion: Early research on the Omicron variant has shown multiple mutations in the RBM such as N440K, G446S, S477N, T478K, Q493K, G496S, Q498R, N501Y, Y505H, including a mutation residin
Real-Time RT-PCR Allelic Discrimination Assay for Detection of N501Y Mutation in the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with B.1.1.7 Variant of Concern.
Introduction: This lineage is characterized by several S gene SNPs, including L452R, T478K, E484Q, D614G, and P681R.
Neutralizing antibody responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination wane over time and are boosted by breakthrough infection.
PMID: 35166573
2022
Science translational medicine
Introduction: The recently emerged Delta (B.1.617.2) variant is characterized by additional NTD alterations together with crucial RBD mutations (L452R and T478K).
SARS_CoV_2 mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2022
Molecular systems biology
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