Result: Within the Spike protein, there are four such mutations (T19R, L452R, T478K, and P681R) as well (mean prevalenceDelta = 99.86%, mean prevalenceotherVariantsofConcern = 0.04%).
Table: T478K
Figure: Residues corresponding to Spike protein mutations T19R, T478K, and P681R are missing from the structure of the Spike protein and hence not shown here.
Mass Screening of SARS-CoV-2 Variants using Sanger Sequencing Strategy in Hiroshima, Japan.
Method: 2 literally having K417N, T478K, E484A and N501Y mutation in the Sanger sequences.
Method: If we found the mutation from Guanine (G) to Adenine (A) or Cystine (C)at nt23012, further identification was done as follows: double mutation of T22917G (referred to L452R) and C22995A (referred to T478K) for B.1.617.2 (Delta), T22917G (referred to L452R) and G23012C (referred to E484Q) for B.1.617.1 (Kappa) and T22917A (referred to L452Q) and T23031C (ref
In Silico Molecular Characterization of Human TMPRSS2 Protease Polymorphic Variants and Associated SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility.
Introduction: Some concerning S mutations are K417N, T478K, N501Y and D614G, all of which are found in the previous VOCs and responsible in the increased viral transmission and enhanced immune invasion.
SARS-CoV-2 Beta and Delta variants trigger Fc effector function with increased cross-reactivity.
Method: The SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-1 spike, cloned into pCDNA3.1 was mutated using the QuikChange Lightning Site-Directed Mutagenesis kit (Agilent Technologies) and NEBuilder HiFi DNA Assembly Master Mix (NEB) to include D614G (original) or lineage defining mutations for Alpha (DEL69-70, DEL144, N501Y, A570D, D614G, P681H, T716I, S982A, D1118H), Beta (L18F, D80A, D215G, 242-244del, K417N, E484K, N501Y, D614G and A701V<
Molecular and Epidemiological Characterization of Emerging Immune-Escape Variants of SARS-CoV-2.
Method: For instance, a Delta variant spike haplotype consisting of T19R, 256_258delinsG, L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R, and D950N is also assigned to another haplotype group of T19R, L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R, and D950N, which is missing a 256_258delinsG variant.
Allosteric Determinants of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Binding with Nanobodies: Examining Mechanisms of Mutational Escape and Sensitivity of the Omicron Variant.
PMID: 35216287
2022
International journal of molecular sciences
Result: Moreover, it was proposed that K417N, T478K, G496S, Y505H, and the mutations at the cryptic epitope S371L, S373P, S375F can reduce affinity to ACE2 while driving immune evasion.
Result: We also examined the effect of Omicron mutations in the RBD (G339D, S371L, S373P, S375F, K417N, N440K, G446S, S477N, T478K, E484A, Q493R
Characterization of a Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.
Introduction: It has been reported that several mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 RBM, such as N439K, L452R, S477N, T478K, E484K, S494P, N501Y, and A502S, have increased the infectivity and stability of SARS-CoV-2.
Discussion: Early research on the Omicron variant has shown multiple mutations in the RBM such as N440K, G446S, S477N, T478K, Q493K, G496S, Q498R, N501Y, Y505H, including a mutation residin
Genomic Diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in Algeria and North African Countries: What We Know So Far and What We Expect?
Abstract: Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes revealed the existence of eleven GISAID clades with GR (variant of the spike protein S-D614G and nucleocapsid protein N-G204R), GH (variant of the ORF3a coding protein ORF3a-Q57H) and GK (variant S-T478K) being the most common with 25.9%, 19.9%, and 19.6%, respectively, followed by their parent clade G (variant S-D614G) (10.3%).
Result: In addition, fifteen other substitutions affect the spike protein including Q954H
Analysis of SARS-COV2 spike protein variants among Iraqi isolates.
Abstract: Twenty-two distinct mutations were identified within the spike protein regions which were:
Introduction: This variant is characterized by having several mutations in the spike proteins including L452R, T478K and P681R.
Result: Mutation of T478K in the RBD can be found in both Delta and Kappa (B.1.617.2/1) variants of the virus, but not in Alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), or Gamma (P.1).
Result: Such mutation, same as T478K, increases the transmissibility of the virus.
Result: These mutations were L452 (Q, M), T478K, N501Y, A520S, A522V.
Identification of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant C22995A using a high-resolution melting curve RT-FRET-PCR.
Method: Analysis of the available whole-genome SARS-CoV-2 sequences in GISAID (www.gisaid.org) confirmed previous reports that the C22995A (T478K) mutation is one of the most common mutations present in the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant.
SARS_CoV_2 mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2022
Molecular systems biology
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