Loss of Neutralizing Antibody Response to mRNA Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Differing Kinetics and Strong Boosting by Breakthrough Infection.
Introduction: Finally, Delta (B.1.617.2) is responsible for the most recent wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and is characterized by new NTD alterations, together with key RBD mutations (L452R and T478K).
Abstract: In addition to this, SSIPe is used to report the binding affinity between the receptor-binding domain of Spike protein and human ACE2 protein by considering L452R, T478K, E484Q, and N501Y hotspot mutations in that region.
Conclusion: Finally, SSIPe is used to report the binding affinity between the
Introduction: On the other hand, the variant B.1.617.2 was first identified in India with L452R, T478K, D614G, and P681R mutations in Spike glycoprotein.
Result: Also, the mutation T478K, which is unique to the Delta variant, is known to facilitate antibody escape.
Glycan Masking of Epitopes in the NTD and RBD of the Spike Protein Elicits Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.
Introduction: The Delta (B.1.617.2) variant encodes an S protein with ten mutations (T19R, G142D, del 156, del 157, R158G, L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R, and D950N), two of which are in the RBD (L452R and T478K).
Introduction: The immunity-evading mutations in the Beta (B1.351) variant include E484K in the RBD of the S protein, while those in the Delta (B.167.2) variant include L19R, del 157, del 158, L452R
Structural models of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in complex with ACE2 receptor or antibodies suggest altered binding interfaces.
Result: Many of the substitutions or sites of substitutions in omRBD were observed individually in other variants (N501Y, first seen in Alpha and Gamma; K417N and E484K, first seen in Beta; T478K; first seen in Delta).
Booster of mRNA-1273 Strengthens SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Neutralization.
Introduction: The Omicron spike in this study contained mutations A67V, Delta69-70, T95I, G142D, Delta143-145, Delta211, L212I, +214EPE, G339D, S371L, S373P, S375F, K417N, N440K, G446S, S477N, T478K, E484A, Q493R, G496S, Q498R, N501Y, Y505H, T547K,
The Development of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: The Gene Makes the Disease.
PMID: 34940505
2021
Journal of developmental biology
Abstract: The Delta variant has a particular genetic profile, bearing unique mutations, such as T478K in the spike protein and M203R in the nucleocapsid.
Introduction: Instead of E484Q, Delta bears T478K, which falls within the same epitope region that targets potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.
Introduction: It remains unclear whether the presence of T478K or P681R could be decisive, causing this variant's increased strength.
Insights into the Binding of Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 Wild Type and B.1.620 Variant with hACE2 Using Molecular Docking and Simulation Approaches.
Introduction: In contrast, the delta+ variant acquired an additional mutation, the K417N mutation, alongside the L452R and T478K mutations.
Introduction: To date, many variants have been reported, among which the VOC Delta (delta)+ (AY.1 or lineage B.1.617.2.1), which evolved from Delta, demonstrated a different mutational landscape by acquiring L452R and T478K mutations in the RBD.
SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Displays Moderate Resistance to Neutralizing Antibodies and Spike Protein Properties of Higher Soluble ACE2 Sensitivity, Enhanced Cleavage and Fusogenic Activity.
Conclusion: Here we show that pseudoviruses bearing B.1.617.1 spike with L452R and E484Q substitutions, and B.1.617.2 spike with K417N, L452R and T478K substitutions, have modestly reduced susceptibility to neutralization by Pfizer/BioNtech BNT162b2 or Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine-elicited sera and convalescent sera compared to pseudoviruses bearing WT(D614G) spike.
Conclusion: Resistance to the remaining therapeutic neutralizing antibodies is due to RBD substitutions, K417N, L452R, and E484Q, but not T478K
Prediction of SARS-CoV-2 Variant Lineages Using the S1-Encoding Region Sequence Obtained by PacBio Single-Molecule Real-Time Sequencing.
Result: All the missed mutations were due to a lack of coverage (<10 reads) and were grouped on the same amplicon NC_045512.2:22903-23122 (missing mutations: N440K, S477N, T478K, E484K, N501Y, A522S).
A Potent and Protective Human Neutralizing Antibody Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.
Introduction: The Delta variant contains the unique L452R and T478K mutations while sharing a common mutation with the Alpha and Gamma variants at P681 near the furin cleavage site.
SARS_CoV_2 mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2021
bioRxiv
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