Figure: (a) Binding responses of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein mAbs, S1D2-hIgG1, STI-1499-LALA and 1741-LALA to the S1 fragment of the S protein from SARS-CoV-2 variants, including 2019-nCoV, B.1.1.7 (HV69-70 deletion, Y144 deletion, N501Y, A570D, D614G, P681H)-, B.1.351 (K417N, E484K, N501Y, D614G)-, and B.1.617.2 (T19R, G142D, E156G, 157-158 deletion, L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R)- lineage.
Structure-Function Analysis of Resistance to Bamlanivimab by SARS-CoV-2 Variants Kappa, Delta, and Lambda.
PMID: 34648284
2021
Journal of chemical information and modeling
Result: However, the Kappa variant also contains the P681R mutation and it is intriguing to know why the Delta variant can dominate the Kappa variant.
Result: Meanwhile, in the experiment, it was found that the P681R mutation in the spike protein (not in the RBD-v) plays a key role in the Alpha-to-Delta variant replacement, by allowing for a more efficient cleavage by furin and thus enhancing the viral reproduction.
Genomic reconstruction of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in England.
Introduction: In contrast to other VOCs, Delta/Kappa do not contain N501Y or E484K mutations, but their L452R mutation may reduce antibody recognition and P681R enhances furin cleavage, similar to the P681H mutation of Alpha.
Spike protein evolution in the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant of concern: a case series from Northern Lombardy.
Discussion: Furthermore, P681R mutation significantly augments syncytium formation in Calu-3 cells and hamsters compared to the B.1.617.1 Spike protein, potentially contributing to increased pathogenesis observed in hamsters and infection growth rates observed in humans.
Rapid Automated Screening for SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Lineage Variants (Delta/Kappa) through a Versatile Toolset of qPCR-Based SNP Detection.
Method: Based on previous works, for detecting del-HV69/70 and N501Y via RT-qPCR, we designed and tested further assays to be able to detect and discriminate al
Discussion: As a practical application of the experimental assays provided in this study, we compiled and provided clinical validation for a high-throughput multiplex-assay to specifically screen for B.1.617 lineage variants (delta/kappa) by detecting the L452R, E484Q and P681R single nucleotide polymorphisms, implemented on a fully automated sample-to-result platform.
Discussion: For example, the recently emerged B.1.617 (first detected in India) lineages feature E484Q (only B.1.617.1/3) and P681R SNPs instead of the more common E484K and P681H.
In Vitro Effect of Taraxacum officinale Leaf Aqueous Extract on the Interaction between ACE2 Cell Surface Receptor and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein D614 and Four Mutants.
Introduction: found that the variants' spike P681R mutation augments spike processing, which leads to enhanced SARS-CoV-2 fitness over the Alpha variant.
Prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 boosts and broadens Ad26.COV2.S immunogenicity in a variant-dependent manner.
Method: SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped lentiviruses were prepared by co-transfecting the HEK293T cell line with either the SARS-CoV-2 ancestral variant spike (D614G), the Beta spike (L18F, D80A, D215G, K417N, E484K, N501Y, D614G, A701V, 242-244 del) or the Delta spike (T19R, R158G L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R, Table: P681R
Biological Significance of the Genomic Variation and Structural Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.
Abstract: Besides the well known substitutions of L452R, P681R and deletions of E156 and F157, as well as the potential biological significance, structural analysis in this study still indicated that new amino acid changes in B.1.617, such as E484Q and N501Y, had reshaped the viral bonding network, and increasingly sequenced N501Y mutant with a potential enhanced binding ability was detected in many other countries in the follow-up monitoring.
Introduction: L452R is located in the RBD, and P681H or P681R is located in the furin cleavage site.
Introduction: The variant bearing P681R, such as B.1.617.2, has an increased furin-mediated
Temporal-Geographical Dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Variant Lineages and Their Functional Prediction Using in Silico Approach.
Result: Among the amino acid mutations found in circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, E484Q/K, P681H/R/L/S, P936Y/N/H, D950H/A/N, and D1118H/Y had a lower T cell immunogenicity than the prototype and S-D614G mutant (Table S1).
Result: Dual mutants containing D614G and other amino acid changes, including those under positive selection or observed in VOCs (L5F, L18F, S98F, W152L/C, E154K, L222V, and A262S in S1-NTD;
Prediction of the Effects of Variants and Differential Expression of Key Host Genes ACE2, TMPRSS2, and FURIN in SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis: An In Silico Approach.
PMID: 34720581
2021
Bioinformatics and biology insights
Result: In case of mutants P681R and R683W, slight higher binding affinity (-13.5 kcl/mol) was observed along with the formation of new two hydrogen bonds between P681-D177 and P681-D228.
Discussion: The mutants P681R and R683W within the FURIN cleavage site change the intermolecular interactions and slightly increase the binding of FURIN with spike protein that may facilitate the cleaving.
SARS_CoV_2 mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2021
Antiviral research
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