Introduction: L452R, E484K, N501Y, P681H/R) have been positively selected, since they may confer adaptive advantages leading to convergent evolution in different lineages spreading across multiple countries.
Introduction: More recently, the B.1.617.2 lineage, first detected in India, has also been characterized as a VOC, primarily for carrying a constellation of mutations in the spike protein (especially L452R and P681R), its wide spread worldwide even outperforming other VOCs, and reduced antibody sensitivity in vaccinated individuals.
Detection and characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.526 in New York.
Introduction: According to the United States (US) Center for Disease Control (CDC), signature Spike mutations in the aggregated Delta and Delta Plus variant include T19R, (V70F*), T95I, G142D, E156-, F157-, R158G, (A222V*), (W258L*), (K417N*), L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R, and D950N.
Community-level SARS-CoV-2 sequence diversity revealed by wastewater sampling.
PMID: 34438144
2021
The Science of the total environment
Table: P681R
Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of the Interaction between Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 and Spike Protein Receptor Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Variant.
Introduction: This lineage includes three main subtypes (B1.617.1, B.1.617.2, and B.1.617.3) harboring several mutations in the S protein, including the synonymous D111D variation and the nonsynonymous G142D, L452R, E484Q, D614G and P681R variations.
The Rise and Fall of a Local SARS-CoV-2 Variant with the Spike Protein Mutation L452R.
Discussion: It is estimated to be 60% more transmissible than the Alpha variant, where the high transmissibility is attributed to the combination of three main mutations in the S protein: E484Q, L452R and P681R.
Spike protein cleavage-activation mediated by the SARS-CoV-2 P681R mutation: a case-study from its first appearance in variant of interest (VOI) A.23.1 identified in Uganda.
Discussion: Importantly, the unique P681R mutation plays a critical role in this fitness advantage and increases the processing of Delta spike to S1 and S2, most likely through an improved furin cleavage when newly assembled virions egress through the trans-Golgi network.
Discussion: In summary, using a reverse genetic system and primary human airway cultures, we have identified spike mutation P681R as a significant determinant for enhanced viral replication fitness of the Delta compared to the Alpha variant.
Discussion: The P681R mutation enhances spike protein processing through the improved furin cleavage site.
Discussion: The P681R substitution clearly augments spike processing and is likely the
Evolution, Mode of Transmission, and Mutational Landscape of Newly Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants.
SARS_CoV_2 mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2021
Virus research
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