Abstract: Antibodies in group E (for example, S309)6 and group F (for example, CR3022)7, which often exhibit broad sarbecovirus neutralizing activity, are less affected by Omicron, but a subset of neutralizing antibodies are still escaped by G339D, N440K and S371L.
Introduction: Also, for those antibodies that could tolerate a G446S single mutation, the N440K/G446S combination may considerably reduce their binding affinity, with the result that most group D antibodies are escaped by Omicron.
Introduction: Also, part of the epitope of group E antibodies would extend to the 440-449 loop, rendering them sensitive to the N440K mutation in Omicron.
Introduction: In addition, a subset of neutralizing a
Emergence of two distinct variants of SARS-CoV-2 and an explosive second wave of COVID-19: the experience of a tertiary care hospital in Pune, India.
Result: One sequence each exhibited the N501Y mutation characteristic of the UK strain, an N440K mutation, and no mutation.
Result: Two isolates, CD210922 (MW969752) and CD210896 (EPI_ISL_1710598), had the unique mutations V143F, Q677H, and N440K (Table 2).
Result: Two of the 15 samples from December 2020 contained the N440K mutation.
Table: N440K
Discussion: Apart from the mutations of concern described above, V382L (9/55, 16.4%) and N440K (4/55, 7.3%) substitutions were found in the 2021 sequences (Table 1).
Discussion: The N440K mutant showed enhanced binding affinity to the human ACE2 receptor and resul
Severe breakthrough COVID-19 with a heavily mutated variant in a multiple myeloma patient 10 weeks after vaccination.
PMID: 34909634
2022
Clinical infection in practice
Abstract: RESULTS: Sequencing of the viral isolate revealed an extensively mutated variant with 10 spike protein mutations, including E484Q and N440K.
Abstract: Viral variants with immune escape mutations such as N440K, also seen independently in the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) and in viral passaging experiments, likely require a higher level of anti-spike antibodies to prevent severe COVID-19.
Conclusion: Both mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike, N440K and E484Q, were in only our patient's strain.
Discussion: N440K:also absent from the original B.1.628:h
E484K and N501Y SARS-CoV 2 spike mutants Increase ACE2 recognition but reduce affinity for neutralizing antibody.
PMID: 34915409
2022
International immunopharmacology
Introduction: These include N440K, S443A, G476S, E484R, and G502P, which cluster near known human ACE2 recognition sites, Lys31 and Lys353.
Vaccine-escape and fast-growing mutations in the United Kingdom, the United States, Singapore, Spain, India, and other COVID-19-devastated countries.
Result: ACE2 binding-strengthening mutations in India include N440K, L452R, E484Q, N501Y, and E484K.
Result: It is worth to mention that except for N440K, all the ACE2 binding-strengthen mutations in India are either VE or VW mutations and have rapidly grown since February 06, 2021.
Result: Moreover, one ACE2 binding-strengthening mutation N440K with a high frequency has a relatively high growth rate since 2021.
Result: Second, among the top 25 most observed RBD mutations, T478K, L452Q N440K, L452R, N501Y, N501T, F490S, A475V, and P384L are the 8 most infectious ones judged by their ability to strengthen the binding with ACE2, as shown in Figure 1c.
SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding mutations and antibody contact sites.
Trajectory of Growth of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variants in Houston, Texas, January through May 2021, Based on 12,476 Genome Sequences.
PMID: 34303698
2021
The American journal of pathology
Result: N440K Spike Protein Replacement.
Result: Eighteen patients with this N440K replacement were identified, and 10 patients had the identical combination of spike amino acid replacements: L18R, T95I, R158S, N440K, D614G, P681H, A688V, S735A, and T1027I.
Result: The N440K amino acid change in spike protein has recently gained interest because samples with this polymorphism have been reported to cause widespread COVID-1
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2.
Result: For sera from the six vaccinated individuals, however, the highest reduction seen was only 2-fold for E406Q, N440K, E484K, and F490K (Figure 5B).
Table: N440K
The Spike of Concern-The Novel Variants of SARS-CoV-2.
Introduction: There are seven additional mutations (T19R, K77T, T95I, E154K, N440K, T478K, H1101D) that occur with varying frequencies in the B.1.617 sequence background.
SARS_CoV_2 mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2022
Nature
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