Result: Figure 4A shows that these variants were found mainly in nucleocapsid (P67S, S194L, P199L, R203K, G204R, A220V, M234I, and A376T), spike (L18F, A222V, N439K, S477N, and D614G), NSP12 (A185S, P323L, and V776L), NSP13 (K218R,
SARS-CoV-2 mutations: the biological trackway towards viral fitness.
Introduction: Several mutations including A475V, N439K, L452R, F490L, V483A and Y508H in S protein resulted in decreased sensitivity to mAb.
Table: N439K
Will Mutations in the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Lead to the Failure of COVID-19 Vaccines?
PMID: 33975397
2021
Journal of Korean medical science
Method: Among these mutations, five (L18F, S98F, A262S, A222V, and P272L) occurred in the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the S protein, and five (N439K, Y453F, S477N, E484K, and N501Y) appeared in the S protein RBD.
Method: There were 13 nonsynonymous mutations with a total frequency of > 1,000, and three mutations that are of interest, including D614G, A222V, L18F, S477N
Structural Modeling of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike/Human ACE2 Complex Interface can Identify High-Affinity Variants Associated with Increased Transmissibility.
Result: Averaged affinities predicted by structural modeling indicate that the mutations fall into three groups (Figure 6 (a)): very high-affinity (80 to 90% better that WT; S477N/E484K/N501Y, S477N/E484K and E484K/N501Y), high-affinity (40 to 50% better than WT; S477N, E484K, N501Y), WT-like (S477N/N501Y, K417T/E484K/N501Y, N439K, Y453F), and low-affinity (<70% of WT; K417T<
Vaccine-escape and fast-growing mutations in the United Kingdom, the United States, Singapore, Spain, India, and other COVID-19-devastated countries.
Result: 13 , shows that, in addition to well-known mutations E484K, K417N, and N501Y, mutations N439K, L452R, S477N, S477R, and N501T are also ACE2 binding-strengthening mutations that have a high growth rate recently with high frequency.
Result: Additionally, ACE2 binding-strengthening mutations T385I, N439K, S477R, and L452R also have a high log growth rate since late 2020.
Result: Among 651 mutations that are detected on RBD, mutations N501Y, S477N,
Experimental Evidence for Enhanced Receptor Binding by Rapidly Spreading SARS-CoV-2 Variants.
Introduction: Another common mutation is N439K, which is located in the receptor binding domain and enhances affinity for the hACE2 receptor by creating a new salt-bridge across the binding interface.
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 N439K retains fitness and causes infections with similar clinical outcome, but also shows immune evasion.
A core-shell structured COVID-19 mRNA vaccine with favorable biodistribution pattern and promising immunity.
PMID: 34059617
2021
Signal transduction and targeted therapy
Discussion: The variants such as Y453F, N439K, N501Y, and E484K have shown either enhanced cross-species transmissibility or ability to escape neutralization by NAbs.
The Spike of Concern-The Novel Variants of SARS-CoV-2.
Introduction: In conclusion, the adaptability of the viral genome and the continuous appearance of escape mutations, as illustrated by the recent appearance of N439K in Scotland or the dynamic evolution of B.1.617, suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to become a seasonal virus like influenza with the need of re-adjusting the vaccines.
Molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from COVID-19 family clusters.
Discussion: Currently, besides the D614G variant, several mutations within the receptor binding domains (RBD) of the S protein have attracted most scientists' attention due to their increased frequency in certain countries, including S477N (Australia and some Central European), N439K (UK and European), and N501Y (part of the new UK variant B.1.1.7, the new South Africa variant 501.V2 and the new Brazil variant P.1).
V367F Mutation in SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD Emerging during the Early Transmission Phase Enhances Viral Infectivity through Increased Human ACE2 Receptor Binding Affinity.
Result: All the mutants were clustered into 96 mutant types, six of which were dominant mutant types that were found in more than ten isolates (Table 1): V483A (35x), V367F (34x), V341I (23x), N439K (16x), A344S (15x), and G476S (12x).
Discussion: Among them, V483A in MERS-CoV and N439K in SARS-CoV resulted in reduced host receptor binding.
SARS_CoV_2 mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2021
Biomedicines
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