Method: The SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-1 spike, cloned into pCDNA3.1 was mutated using the QuikChange Lightning Site-Directed Mutagenesis kit (Agilent Technologies) and NEBuilder HiFi DNA Assembly Master Mix (NEB) to include D614G (original) or lineage defining mutations for Alpha (DEL69-70, DEL144, N501Y, A570D, D614G, P681H, T716I, S982A, D1118H), Beta (L18F, D80A, D215G, 242-244del, K417N, E484K, N501Y, D614G and A701V<
Molecular and Epidemiological Characterization of Emerging Immune-Escape Variants of SARS-CoV-2.
Method: For instance, a Delta variant spike haplotype consisting of T19R, 256_258delinsG, L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R, and D950N is also assigned to another haplotype group of T19R, L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R, and D950N, which is missing a 256_258delinsG variant.
A Detailed Overview of Immune Escape, Antibody Escape, Partial Vaccine Escape of SARS-CoV-2 and Their Emerging Variants With Escape Mutations.
Abstract: Simultaneously we have discussed the significant mutations related to emerging variants and immune escape, such as mutations in the RBD region (N439K, L452R, E484K, N501Y, K444R) and other parts (D614G, P681R) of the S-glycoprotein.
Introduction: 4.1.3.2 L452R.
Introduction: Another significant mutation noted in the RBD region is L452R.
Introduction: Few mutations include K417T/N, E484K,
Table: L452R
Rapid detection of the widely circulating B.1.617.2 (Delta) SARS-CoV-2 variant.
Abstract: Whole genome sequencing of 46 randomly selected samples validated the strains identified as positive and negative for the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant and confirmed the S gene deletion in addition to B.1.617.2 characteristic mutations including L452R, T478K, P681R and D950N located in the
Introduction: L452R is known to increase affinity for ACE2 receptors found on the surface of a variety of human cells such as lung cells, while the T478K has been shown to increase receptor binding activity and to enable immune escape.
Introduction: In addition, it shows multiple mutations including L452R, T478K, and D950N.
Allosteric Determinants of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Binding with Nanobodies: Examining Mechanisms of Mutational Escape and Sensitivity of the Omicron Variant.
PMID: 35216287
2022
International journal of molecular sciences
Introduction: Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by low-picomolar and mutation-tolerant VHH nanobodies that bind synergistically to the opposite sides of the RBD produced a binding avidity effect unaffected by immune-escape mutants K417N/T, E484K, N501Y, and L452R.
Characterization of a Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.
Introduction: It has been reported that several mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 RBM, such as N439K, L452R, S477N, T478K, E484K, S494P, N501Y, and A502S, have increased the infectivity and stability of SARS-CoV-2.
Comparative Analysis of Five Multiplex RT-PCR Assays in the Screening of SARS-CoV-2 Variants.
Method: Detection of the amplicons for each specific SARS-CoV-2
Result: In particular, in the former assay, L452R mutations were observed for two samples positive for E484K.
Result: In the latter assay, one sample was identified as wild type instead of Delta (B.1.617.2) for the L452R mutation, and in another sample, Gamma (P.1) was only positive for N501Y with a drop-out for the E484K mutation.
Discussion: The analyzed real-time RT-PCR assays target three or four of the following amino acid variations: L452R, W152C, K417T, K417N, E484Q, E484K and N501Y.
Establishment of a Rapid Typing Method for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Mutant Strains Based on PARMS Technology.
Abstract: Methods: Competitive allele-specific primers and universal primers were designed for the key gene mutation sites N501Y,
Introduction: The key mutation sites N501Y, E484K, L452R, etc.
Introduction: The mutation of L452R may cause the structure of the S protein to change and promote its interaction with the ACE2 receptor.
Introduction: These evidences preliminarily indicate that these key mutation sites, such as N501Y, E484K, L452R, etc., enhance the binding affinity of the virus to the host cell ACE2 receptor, and affect the biological function of SARS-COV-2, increase the spread, severity, and vaccine or natural-induced immune escape.
Classical and Next-Generation Vaccine Platforms to SARS-CoV-2: Biotechnological Strategies and Genomic Variants.
PMID: 35206580
2022
International journal of environmental research and public health
3Introduction: Variant B.1.617, detected in India, has 13 genomic variants, including a ""double mutant"" in the spike protein (E484Q
Conclusion: In laboratory tests, SARS-CoV-2 variants containing the L452R or E484K substitution in the spike protein cause a marked reduction in susceptibility to bamlanivimab and possibly also etesevimab and casirivimab.
Introduction: The enhanced transmissibility is in part due to increased ACE2 binding and rate of S1-S2 cleavage by RBD associated with genomic variants L452R with P681R in the furin cleavage site.
Introduction: Variant B.1.429 from California, United States, shows genomic variants in L452R and can escape antibodies.
Estimation of Secondary Household Attack Rates for Emergent Spike L452R Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variants Detected by Genomic Surveillance at a Community-Based Testing Site in San Francisco.
Abstract: Certain viral lineages bearing spike mutations, defined in part by L452R, S13I, and W152C, comprised 54.4% of the total sequences from January, compared to 15.7% in November.
SARS_CoV_2 mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2022
Cell reports. Medicine
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