Discussion: The clusters share some of the mutations linked with viral escape, including N501Y (Alpha, Beta, and Gamma), E484K (Beta and Gamma) and K417N/T (Beta and Gamma).
SARS-CoV-2 Virus-Host Interaction: Currently Available Structures and Implications of Variant Emergence on Infectivity and Immune Response.
PMID: 34639178
2021
International journal of molecular sciences
Discussion: Potentially fundamental for immune escape are mutations K417N, and particularly L452R, both affecting Ab binding, and occurring in the RBD.
Molecular rationale for SARS-CoV-2 spike circulating mutations able to escape bamlanivimab and etesevimab monoclonal antibodies.
Discussion: As a conclusive remark concerning the available anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, according to the report by Andreano and Rappuoli published on May 10, 2021 in Nature Medicine the efficacy of the FDA/EMA approved Ad26.COV2-S vaccine (now Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine) and the EMA approved Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 (now Vaxzevria) against the variant B.1.351 (South Africa now Beta, with E484K, K417N and N501Y as spike MOIs) decreased from 85 to 57% and from 62 to 10%, respectively.
Discussion: Concerning the alternative LY-CoV016 mAb, the official Lilly's fact sheet reports that SARS-CoV-2 spike mutants showing reduced susceptibility to etesevimab include substitutions K417N, D420N<
The evolution of the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 evolution revealing vaccine-resistant mutations in Europe and America.
3Introduction: Moreover, we have pointed out that Y449S and Y449H are two vaccine-resistant mutations, and ""Y449S, S494P, K417N,
Introduction: Later on, we have provided a list of most likely vaccine escape RBD mutations with high frequency, including S494P, Q493L, K417N, F490S, F486L, R403K, E484K, L452R, K417T, F490L, E484Q, and A475S.
Ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 spike variants exhibit variable infectivity, animal tropism, and antibody neutralization.
Abstract: RBD amino acid mutations comprising K417T/N, L452R, Y453F, S477N, E484K, and N501Y cause significant immune escape from 11 of 13 monoclonal antibodies.
Abstract: The K417N/T, N501Y, or E484K-carrying variants exhibit significantly increased abilities to infect mouse ACE2-overexpressing cells.
Result: Additionally, the K417N/T mutation caused reduced neutralization activity involving five mAbs (1F9, 2H10, 10D12, CB6, and A247), whereas it increased the neutralization sensitivity of one mAb (A261-262) for more than ten times.
Result: Furthermore, the neutralizati
Structure-Function Analysis of Resistance to Bamlanivimab by SARS-CoV-2 Variants Kappa, Delta, and Lambda.
PMID: 34648284
2021
Journal of chemical information and modeling
Introduction: Similarly, the N501Y mutation found in the B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), and B.1.1.28.1 (Gamma) variants has been demonstrated to increase the binding affinity between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and its human receptor ACE2 (hACE2), making these variants more transmissible.- Moreover, experimental and computational studies have showed that K417N and E484K found in the Beta variant could evade neutralization by many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
Discussion: It is worth noting that the recent sub-lineage of B.1.617 (dubbed as Delta+) contains the K417N mutation, allowing the virus to escape LY-CoV016 as well.
In vivo characterization of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant infectivity and human antibody escape potential.
Abstract: Immune escape of the K417N + E484K variant is observed because infection can be appreciated in the nasopharynx, but not lungs, of mice transferred with low-antibody-tier plasma.
Abstract: We utilize N501Y to survey in vivo pseudovirus infection dynamics and susceptibility to reinfection with the L452R (Los Angeles), K417N + E484K (South Africa), and L452R + K417N + E484Q (India) variants.
Method: 24-hours later, normalized amounts of WT (no 19del), WT, D614G, N501Y (no 19del), N501Y
Genomic reconstruction of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in England.
Introduction: The AY.1 lineage, derived from Delta and containing an additional K417N mutation, appeared only transiently.
Introduction: These include the VOCs B.1.351/Beta and P.1/Gamma, which carry the spike variant N501Y that is also found in B.1.1.7/Alpha and a similar pair of mutations (K417N/T and E484K) that were each shown to reduce the binding affinity of antibodies from vaccine-derived or convalescent sera .
Comprehensive mapping of binding hot spots of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific neutralizing antibodies for tracking immune escape variants.
Abstract: Furthermore, we showed that RBD co-mutations K417N, E484K, and N501Y present in B.1.351 appear more resistant to NAbs and human convalescent plasma from the early stage of the pandemic, possibly due to an additive effect.
Abstract: The comprehensive escape mutation map not only confirms th
Introduction: Among the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, Beta B.1.351 (RBD-K417N/E484K/N501Y) discovered in South Africa and Gamma P.1 (RBD-K417T/E484K/N501Y) discovered in Brazil have been demonstrated to have high potential to reduce the efficacy of some vaccines.
Spike protein evolution in the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant of concern: a case series from Northern Lombardy.
Discussion: AY.2 additionally harbours V70F (unique among delta lineages), A222V (shared with AY.9, AY.10, AY.11, AY.19 and AY.24) and K417N (as for AY.1) K356N and V1228L have also been rarely reported.
SARS_CoV_2 mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2021
FASEB journal
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