In vitro system for modeling influenza A virus resistance under drug pressure.
PMID: 20498316
2010
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: Sequencing of the M2 gene revealed that mutations appeared at between 48 and 72 h of drug treatment and that the mutations were identical to those identified in the clinic for amantadine-resistant viruses (e.g., V27A, A30T, and S31N).
[Detection of molecular markers of amantadine resistance in swine influenza viruses by pyrosequencing].
Abstract: RESULTS: All 5 H1N1 swine influenza viruses were adamantine resistance, three mutations were founded in these isolates, namely V27T, V27I and S31N.
How does influenza virus a escape from amantadine?
PMID: 20521806
2010
The journal of physical chemistry. B
Abstract: Failure of channel blocking would cause AMT drug resistance in the S31N mutant.
Abstract: Mutation experiments indicate that the trans-membrane domain of M2 protein plays an essential role in AMT resistance, especially the S31N mutation.
Abstract: To investigate the details of structure and mechanism, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations have been carried out on both the wild-type protein and its S31N mutant.
Coexistence of two adamantane binding sites in the influenza A M2 ion channel.
Abstract: Furthermore, by examining drug binding to M2 mutant constructs (V27A, S31N, and D44A), it was possible to probe the location of the two binding sites.
Oseltamivir-resistant pandemic A/H1N1 virus is as virulent as its wild-type counterpart in mice and ferrets.
Introduction: Early reports demonstrated that pH1N1 strains were resistant to the adamantanes due to a S31N mutation in the M2 gene but remained susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) such as oseltamivir and zanamivir.
Amantadine resistance in relation to the evolution of influenza A(H3N2) viruses in Iran.
Abstract: We observed an increase in amantadine resistance, due to a Ser31Asn mutation in the M2 channel protein, among A(H3N2) viruses circulating in Iran during 2005-2007.
Solution NMR structure of the V27A drug resistant mutant of influenza A M2 channel.
PMID: 20833142
2010
Biochemical and biophysical research communications
Introduction: Another common drug resistant mutant is V27A, which sometimes coexists with S31N mutation.
Introduction: It has been suggested that the mechanism of V27A resistance may be different than that of S31N.
Introduction: Recent studies indicate that the resistance is rising and now exceeds 90%, with S31N being the most frequent substitution.
Introduction: The similarities and differences in the structure and dynamic properties between the wildtype (WT), V27A, and S31N variants allowed an in-depth analysis of possible modes of drug resistance.
Result: A comparison of the pores of the WT, V27A, and S31N structures (Figure 3) show that the overall archite
Mechanism of drug inhibition and drug resistance of influenza A M2 channel.
Abstract: The solution structure of the S31N drug-resistant mutant of M2, a mutant of the highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N1, shows that replacing Ser-31 with Asn has little effect on the structure of the channel pore, but dramatically reduces drug binding to the allosteric site.
The origin and global emergence of adamantane resistant A/H3N2 influenza viruses.
Abstract: Adamantane resistance is associated with a single amino acid change (S31N) in the M2 protein, which was shown to rapidly disseminate globally in 2005 in association with a genome reassortment event.
Abstract: However, the exact origin of influenza A/H3N2 viruses carrying the S31N mutation has not been characterized, particularly in South-East Asia.
Abstract: We find that although the S31N mutation was independently introduced at least 11 times, the vast majority of resistant viruses now circulating globally descend from a single introduction that was first detected in the summer of 2003 in Hong Kong.
Result: Again, given the geographic and temporal proximity of these phylogenetically related isolates, we infer that this occurrence of the S31N mutation has disseminated locally in New Zealand (Tab
Amantadine-resistant influenza A (H3N2) viruses in Iran.
Abstract: In investigating the frequency of amantadine-resistant IAVs (H3N2) circulating in Iran in 2005-2008, we found that M2 sequences of recently circulating viruses that were amantadine-resistant contained a Ser31Asn mutation.
IV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2010
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
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