Full Genomic Sequences of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Human Autopsy Specimens Reveal Genetic Variability and Adaptive Changes for Growth in MDCK Cell Cultures.
Result: On the other hand, both the autopsy specimens and the virus isolates contained the S31N substitution in the M2 protein, indicating the amantadine and rimantadine resistance.
Discussion: Furthermore, the amino acid substitution S31N in the M2 protein of our viruses suggested that the virus was resistant to amantadine and rimantidine, and the 274H residue in the NA protein suggested that the viruses were susceptible to oseltamivir.
Nanopore metagenomic sequencing of influenza virus directly from respiratory samples: diagnosis, drug resistance and nosocomial transmission, United Kingdom, 2018/19 influenza season.
Result: From consensus sequences covering drug-resistant positions, we identified the S31N amino acid mutation in the M2 protein in 20/20 H1N1 and 11/11 H3N2 sequences, which is known to be widespread, conferring reduced inhibition by amantadine.
Discussion: S31N now occurs in almost all circulating IAV globally, causing the cessation of use of adamantane to treat influenza.
Discussion: A previous study reported a similar observation that the emergence and rapid global spread of adamantane resistant H3N2 IAVs (conferred by a S31N mutation in the Matrix protein 2) was associated with a single genotype generated through intra-subtype reassortment.
An influenza A(H5N8) virus isolated during an outbreak at a poultry farm in Russia in 2017 has an N294S substitution in the neuraminidase and shows reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir.
Abstract: In voltage-clamp oocyte studies using the ubiquitous amantadine-insensitive M2 S31N variant, the current block showed fast and slow phases, in contrast to the single phase found for amantadine block of wild-type M2.
Genetic and antigenic characterization of influenza A/H5N1 viruses isolated from patients in Indonesia, 2008-2015.
Result: Various amantadine resistance substitutions in the M2 protein were also found in all 35 isolates, including V27A (34 viruses), V27T (1 virus), S31G (1 virus), and S31N (5 viruses).
A molecularly engineered antiviral banana lectin inhibits fusion and is efficacious against influenza virus infection in vivo.
Result: S1), in which NA inhibitor resistance is conferred by the E119V and H275Y mutations, respectively, and adamantane resistance conferred by the S31N mutation.
Genetic diversity of influenza A viruses circulating in Bulgaria during the 2018-2019 winter season.
PMID: 32459617
2020
Journal of medical microbiology
Result: As with the vast majority of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, M2 proteins carried S31N substitution associated with resistance to M2-ion channel blockers (amantadine and rimantadine).
Epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 analyzed by full genome sequences and the first case of oseltamivir-resistant strain in Myanmar 2017.
Discussion: M2 gene mutations associated with resistance to amantadine were found in only about 1% of V27A mutations compared to 95% of S31N mutation.
Discussion: In Myanmar, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was first detected in 2009 and the oseltamivir-resistant H275Y variant has not been detected in specimens, either from the community or hospitalized patients since then, although all isolates tested showed the S31N mutation in M2 that conferred resistance to amantadine.
Discussion: Indeed, all of Myanmar and Indian strains in this study also possessed S31N mutation.
Reassortment and adaptive mutations of an emerging avian influenza virus H7N4 subtype in China.
IV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2021
BioMed research international
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