Result: The RT mutations with the highest average frequencies were M184V (47.9%), K103N (42.6%) and M41L (34.2%) (Figs 2 and 5); the three least common RT mutations over the 10-year period were K103T, Y188C and P236L (S1 Table).
Virological Suppression and Patterns of Resistance Amongst Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy at 4 Nigerian Military Hospitals.
Abstract: Of the remainder, 10% (3/30) had no nucleoside analogue mutations while 33% (10/30) had only M184V along with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) mutations (K103N or Y188C).
Upward trends of acquired drug resistances in Ethiopian HIV-1C isolates: A decade longitudinal study.
Abstract: The most frequent NNRTIs associated mutations were K103N, V106M and Y188C.
Table: Y188C
Comparison between next-generation and Sanger-based sequencing for the detection of transmitted drug-resistance mutations among recently infected HIV-1 patients in Israel, 2000-2014.
PMID: 28799325
2017
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Result: While G190E and Y188C were minor NNRTI TDRM identified by NGS, K101E and K103N were identified by both NGS and SBS.
Table: Y188C
Prevalence of Primary HIV Drug Resistance in Thailand Detected by Short Reverse Transcriptase Genotypic Resistance Assay.
Abstract: Fourteen major mutations of codon 99-191 on the RT gene were selected (K103N, V106A/M, V108I, Q151M, Y181C/I, M184V/I, Y188C/L/H, and G190S/A) at a cost of testing of 35 USD.
Method: This region was selected to cover 14 mutations (K103N, V106A/M, V108I, Q151M, Y181C/I, M184V/I, Y188C/L/H, and G190S/A) contributing
Novel Mutations L228I and Y232H Cause Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance in Combinational Pattern.
PMID: 27067022
2016
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: L228I in combination with Y188C displayed a high level of cross-resistance to both nevirapine (NVP) and efavirenz (EFV).
Abstract: Modeling study suggested that the copresence of Y188C/L228I or A139V/Y232H might induce conformational changes to RT, which might result in reduced drug susceptibility and viral RC due to abolished hydrogen bonding or complex interaction with vicinal residues.
Abstract: Mutations Y188C/L228I, A139V, Y232H, and A139V/Y232H reduced more than 55% of viral RC compared with that of the wild-typ
HIV-1 Drug Resistance by Ultra-Deep Sequencing Following Short Course Zidovudine, Single-Dose Nevirapine, and Single-Dose Tenofovir with Emtricitabine for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission.
PMID: 27327263
2016
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Result: Of all mutations conferring resistance to NNRTIs, the most common were those conferring high-level NNRTI resistance such as K103N in 8 of 26 (30%), V106M in 8 of 26 (30%), Y188C in 6 of 26 (23%), G190A in 4 of 26 (15%), Y181C in 3 of 26 (11%), and V106A in 3 of 26 (11%) patients.
Discussion: In our study, Y188C and Y181C were detected in 23% and 11%, respectively, of patients as minority variants.
Single Genome Analysis for the Detection of Linked Multiclass Drug Resistance Mutations in HIV-1-Infected Children After Failure of Protease Inhibitor-Based First-Line Therapy.
PMID: 25923117
2015
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Result: Bulk sequence analyses detected baseline NVP-selected resistance in 5 of 10 children: K103N, V106M, and Y188C in 1 child each and Y181C in 2 children.
High level of HIV-1 drug resistance among patients with HIV-1 and HIV-1/2 dual infections in Guinea-Bissau.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2017
AIDS research and therapy
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