Introduction: There are four types of NNRTIs-resistant mutations: (1) Primary mutation: these mutations emerge earliest during therapy and cause high-level resistance to one or more NNRTIs, including K103N/S, Y181C/I/V, V106A/M, Y188L/C/H, and G190A/S/E.
Connection domain mutations during antiretroviral treatment failure in Mali: frequencies and impact on reverse transcriptase inhibitor activity.
PMID: 22828721
2012
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Result: However, K103N, Y181C/I/V mutations and G190A were not collinear and were absent in 27.1% of isolates with phenotypic nevirapine resistance.
Result: The most prevalent N-terminal mutations were M184V/I (55.2%), Y181C/I/V (29.2%), K103N (20.8%) and TAMs (19.8%).
Result: The only other prevalent NVP-specific resistance mutations were Y181C/I/V (29.0%) and G190A (7.3%), and they were always associated with phenotypic nevirapine resistance.
Result: The protection remained significant in those without K103N or Y181C/V/I mutations (OR 0.04 [0.005-0.4], P= 0.008, N=37).|
Identification of drug resistant mutations in HIV-1 CRF07_BC variants selected by nevirapine in vitro.
Discussion: Thus far, about 32 NVP-resistance associated mutations in 17 positions, including 15 major NVP-resistant mutations at 5 positions (K103NST, V106AM, Y181CIV, Y188LHC, G190ASEQ), have been summarized in HIV drug resistance database of Stanford University.
Monitoring HIV viral load in resource limited settings: still a matter of debate?
Result: The most frequent NNRTI mutations were K103N/S (27.8%), followed by Y181C (22.2%), V108I and G190A (16.7%), Y181V (11.1%), K101E and Y188L (5.6%) (Figure 2).
Table: Y181C/V
Table: Y181V
Does GSS still maintain relevance on HAART outcome after the introduction of newest active antiretroviral drugs? 48 weeks results.
Introduction: K103N and Y188L confer high-level resistance to NVP and EFV, while Y181C/I/V and G190A mainly reduce susceptibility to NVP.
Discussion: While K103N or Y188L confer high cross-resistance between NVP and EFV, Y181C/I/V is associated with only moderate resistance to EVF.
High prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance among patients on first-line antiretroviral treatment in Lome, Togo.
PMID: 21663632
2011
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Result: Importantly, eight patients were already predicted to be resistant to etravirine, the new NNRTI, either because they harboured the single Y181V mutation (n = 3) or due to the presence of both Y181C and H221Y mutations (n = 5).
Table: Y181V
Predicted susceptibility of etravirine in HIV patients experiencing virological failure secondary to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance in Argentina.
PMID: 21592625
2011
Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica
Abstract: ETR-RAMs were defined as V90I, A98G, L100I, K101E/H/P, V106I, E138A, V179D/F/T, Y181C/I/V, G190A/S, and M230L, and were analyzed according to the weighted mutation score to predict susceptibility (Vingerhoets 2008).
Prevalence of mutations and determinants of genotypic resistance to etravirine (TMC125) in a large Italian resistance database (ARCA).
Abstract: Frequent RAMs were Y181C, G190A, K101E and A98G, whereas V179F, Y181V and G190S appeared in <5% of sequences.
Abstract: The DUET studies showed that at least three TMC125-associated mutations were required to impair the efficacy of the drug and Y181C/V, V179F and G190S had the greatest effect on response.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2012
AIDS research and treatment
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