Figure: Major NNRTI-associated DRMs (HIVDB score >=60) included: L100I, K101P, K103N/S, V106A/M, Y181C/I/V, Y188L/H/C, G190A/S/E/Q, and M230L.
Different Effects of Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance Mutations on Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Recognition between HIV-1 Subtype B and Subtype A/E Infections.
Abstract: We investigated the effect of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistance mutations (Y181C, Y181I, and Y181V) on epitope recognition by CTLs specific for 3 different HIV-1 epitopes (HLA-A*02:01-restricted IV10, HLA-B*35:01-restricted NY9, and HLA-C*12:02-restricted KY9) in subtype B and subtype A/E infections and the accumulation of these mutations in treatment-naive Japanese and Vietnamese.
Assessing transmissibility of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations from treated and from drug-naive individuals.
Result: For NNRTIs, Y181C/I/V was below the CI and G190A/E/S was above the CI in both cohorts.
Discussion: We show here that D30N, N88D/S and L90 M also have high transmissibility and that other SDRMs have higher (M41L, T215Rev and K219E/N/Q/R for NRTIs and K101E/P for the NNRTIs) or lower transmissibility (K70E/R, L74I/V, and T215Y/F for NRTIs; Y181C/I/
Development of Nevirapine Resistance in Children Exposed to the Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV-1 Transmission Programme in Maputo, Mozambique.
Method: A NVP RAM was considered if at least one of the following genetic changes in reverse transcriptase was detected: A98G, K101E, K101H, K101P, K103N, V106A, V106M, V108I, Y181C, Y181V, Y188L and G190A.
Result: The mutations K101H, V106M, Y181V and Y188L were found in only one sample each (Fig 2).
Characterization of HIV drug resistance mutations among patients failing first-line antiretroviral therapy from a tertiary referral center in Lusaka, Zambia.
Abstract: Analysis of reverse transcriptase revealed M184V (88%), K103N/S (32%), and Y181C/I/V (41%) DRMs, with the latter conferring reduced susceptibility to the salvage therapy candidates etravirine and rilpivirine.
Result: Of note, there was a high prevalence of Y181C/I/V (n = 28, 41% cumulatively) that confers reduced susceptibility to both rilpivirine (RPV) and etravirine (ETR), and Y188L (n = 5, 7%) which leads to reduced susceptibility to RPV.
Result: The most prevalent NNRTI mutations were Y181C/I/V (n = 24, 35%), (n = 3, 4%), and (n = 1 (1%), respectively, K103N/S (n = 21 (32%) and n = 1 [1%]), PMID: 25700160
2015
Journal of medicinal chemistry
Introduction: Among several variants identified in the clinic, mutations at the Y181 position are highly prevalent and exist as single variants, such as RT (Y181I), RT (Y181V), and RT (Y181C), as well as the double variant RT (K103N/Y181C).
Impact of drug resistance-associated amino acid changes in HIV-1 subtype C on susceptibility to newer nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
PMID: 25421485
2015
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: The amino acid substitutions E138Q/R, Y181I/V, and M230L conferred high-level resistance to ETR, while K101P and Y181I/V conferred high-level resistance to RPV.
Outcome of patients on second line antiretroviral therapy under programmatic condition in India.
Discussion: K101P and Y181I/V reduce rilpivirine susceptibility about 50-fold and 15-fold, respectively, but are uncommonly observed in patients receiving rilpivirine.
Discussion: Fifteen mutations have been associated with decreased rilpivirine susceptibility (K101E/P, E138A/G/K/Q/R, V179L, Y181C/I/V, H221Y, F227C, and M230I/L).
Emergence of drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected patients from pune, India, at the end of 12 months of first line antiretroviral therapy initiation.
Discussion: The most common primary NNRTI resistance mutation was K103N/S which was observed in 6 study participants (K103N-5; K103S-1), which is also the most common mutation documented in another Indian study, whereas two other Indian studies found Y181C/V & G190A and V106M & Y181C, respectively, as the commonest NNRTI mutations.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2015
PloS one
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