Result: Major DRAMs to NNRTIs seen in the Prophylaxis plus ART Group (Group 1) were K103 N, Y181C, M230 L and L100IL and the minor DRAMs to NNRTIs seen was A98G.
Table: Y181C
Discussion: NNRTIs resistance mutations Y181C and M230 L are known to confer high-level and intermediate resistance to NVP and EFV.
Discussion: The presence of Y181C, M230 L and M230 LM posed resistance to all the NNRTIs used in the country for this group of people (the prophylaxis plus ART grou
HIV-genetic diversity and drug resistance transmission clusters in Gondar, Northern Ethiopia, 2003-2013.
Result: Taken together, the G190A/S/E mutations were most prominent (seven of the 12 NNRTI mutations), followed by the K103N, Y181I/C and K101E substitutions (two, two and one, respectively).
Result: Two had K103N, one G190S and one Y181C, all representing resistance to
Discussion: The specific NNRTI associated mutations found in this study (K103N, G109S and Y181C) have been reported to account for the most common NNRTI-associated mutations in all world regions and HIV subtypes.
Virologic suppression in response to antiretroviral therapy despite extensive resistance within HIV-1 reverse transcriptase after the first virologic failure.
Discussion: However, some studies have shown that NVP-containing ARVs have repercussions on the response to etravirine for selecting the Y181C and G190A mutations, whereas the K103 mutation associated with EFV does not interfere with etravirine susceptibility.
Research on the treatment effects and drug resistances of long-term second-line antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients from Henan Province in China.
Abstract: At the time of virologic failure, multiple NNRTI-associated mutations were observed: 80%-K103N and Y181C being the major NNRTI mutations-observed.
Result: K103N (48%), Y181C (37%), G190A/S (25%), Y188C/L (10%), V106M/A (8%), K65R (8%) and L100I (4%) were the major NNRTI DRMs observed in these 52 childre
Discussion: Among those who developed VF, M184V, K103N, and Y181C were the most common DRMs observed as in South Africa.
Recent trends and patterns in HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance in the United Kingdom.
Result: The most frequently detected mutations were T215 revertants (not F/Y) (268; 1.6%) and other TAMs [M41L (141; 0.9%) and K219Q/N (104; 0.6%)] conferring resistance to the NRTI drug class; K103N (354; 2.2%) and Y181C (66; 0.4%) conferring resistance to the NNRTI drug class, and L90M (111; 0.7%) and M46L (48; 0.3%) conferring resistance to the PI drug class.
Surveillance of Transmitted Drug Resistance in HIV-1-Infected Youths Aged 16 to 25 Years, a Decade After Scale-up of Antiretroviral Therapy in Hebei, China.
PMID: 27750023
2017
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: All TDR mutations (M46L/I, Y181C, K101E, and G190E) were found only in youths infected with HIV-1 through sexual activity.
Abstract: TDR mutations resided in CRF01_AE (M46I/L and G190E) and subtype B (Y181C and K101E).
Discovery of novel piperidine-substituted indolylarylsulfones as potent HIV NNRTIs via structure-guided scaffold morphing and fragment rearrangement.
PMID: 27750153
2017
European journal of medicinal chemistry
Abstract: Furthermore, most compounds maintained high activity agaist various single HIV-1 mutants (L100I, K103N, E138K, Y181C) as well as one double mutant (F227L/V106A) with EC50 values in low-micromolar to double-digit nanomolar concentration ranges.
Rapid Detection of Common HIV-1 Drug Resistance Mutations by Use of High-Resolution Melting Analysis and Unlabeled Probes.
PMID: 27795333
2017
Journal of clinical microbiology
Abstract: The analytical sensitivities of the HRMA assays were 5% of mixed species for K103N and Y181C and 20% for M184V.
Abstract: When applied to 153 HIV-1 patient specimens previously genotyped by Sanger population sequencing, HRMA correctly assigned drug sensitivity or resistance profiles to 80% of the samples at codon 103 (K103K/N) (Cohen's kappa coefficient [kappa] > 0.6; P < 0.05), 90% at 181 (Y181Y/C) (kappa > 0.74, P < 0.05), and 80% at 184 (M184M/V) (kappa > 0.62; P < 0.05).
Biophysical Characterization of Novel DNA Aptamers against K103N/Y181C Double Mutant HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase.
PMID: 27900665
2017
Applied biochemistry and biotechnology
Abstract: Therefore, we utilized non-equilibrium capillary electrophoresis of equilibrium mixture (NECEEM) to study the interaction of three HIV-1 RTs (wild type, K103N, and double mutant (K103N/Y181C)) with RT1t49 and RT12 aptamers.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2018
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