Introduction: The development of K65R and Q151M may be facilitated for HIV-2 variants originating from West Africa (Senegal and Portugal), harboring NNRTI mutations (K101A, V106I, V179I, Y181I, Y188L and G190A) and TAMs/NAMs (T69N, V75I, V118I, L210N, T215S and K219E) as natural polymorphisms.
The K65R mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: genetic barriers, resistance profile and clinical implications.
Introduction: Two distinct TAM (TAM-1 and -2) pathways lead to the stepwise accumulation of major (M41L, K70R and T215Y/F), minor/secondary (D67N and L210W) and compensatory (E44D, V118I and H208Y) mutations that confer a 5-500-fold reduced susceptibility to AZT and broad cross-resistance between NRTIs (Figure 1).
Study of the genotypic resistant pattern in HIV-infected women and children from rural west Cameroon.
PMID: 18507527
2008
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: Mutations associated with nucleoside RT inhibitors (M184V in one case and V118I in four cases) were found in five samples, despite being derived from ARV-naive patients.
Identification of a novel resistance (E40F) and compensatory (K43E) substitution in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
Result: We also noted a positive association between K43E and amino acid changes E44A, V118I, H208Y, K219N/R and V75M (data not shown; p values were highly significant at an FDR level of 0.01 in all cases).
Effect of isolated V118I mutation in reverse transcriptase on response to first-line antiretroviral therapy.
Abstract: A large clinical database was queried to identify antiretroviral-naive patients with V118I as the sole resistance associated mutation.
Abstract: Although the V118I mutation in reverse transcriptase causes a reduced incorporation of zidovudine and lamivudine into transcribed viral DNA, it also decreases ATP-mediated pyrophosphorylysis.
Abstract: Furthermore, the presence of V118I as the sole nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutation should not be over-interpreted when deciding on therapeutic options.
Abstract: Nevertheless, V118I remains identified as a resistance mutation by a number of commonly utilised resistance mutation algorithms.
Abstract: Our study suggests that V118I should be excluded from m
Prevalence and predictors of antiretroviral drug resistance in newly diagnosed HIV-1 infection.
PMID: 17213262
2007
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Abstract: Resistance was scored according to the IAS-USA list (2005) modified to include T215revertants and exclude isolated E44D or V118I and minor protease mutations.
Molecular epidemiology and prevalence of drug resistance-associated mutations in newly diagnosed HIV-1 patients in Portugal.
PMID: 17360244
2007
Infection, genetics and evolution
Abstract: Mutations listed by the International AIDS Society-USA were considered, except E44D and V118I.
Prevalence of M184V and K65R in proviral DNA from PBMCs in HIV-infected youths with lamivudine/emtricitabine exposure.
Result: The mutations most commonly observed (sometimes transiently) after the detection of K65R included K20R (3 animals), M41L (3 animals), S68G/K/N (12 animals), K70H/N/T/Q (9 animals), W88S (6 animals), Y115F (9 animals), F116W (6 animals), V118I (3 animals), I178M (6 animals), L214F (11 animals), and K219Q/R/E/N/D/H/G (7 animals) (table 1).
Sequential emergence and clinical implications of viral mutants with K70E and K65R mutation in reverse transcriptase during prolonged tenofovir monotherapy in rhesus macaques with chronic RT-SHIV infection.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2009
HIV therapy
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