Discussion: Two of these samples had M41L and T215Y TAMs, a combination which further enhances cross-resistance to all US FDA approved NRTIs, a phenomenon known as Multi-NRTI resistance.
Prevalence and characteristics of HIV drug resistance among antiretroviral treatment (ART) experienced adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Ndola, Zambia.
Result: Additionally, 13.3% (6 out of the 45) needing first line drug change had the type 2 TAMs combination of T215Y, D67N and K70RTQNE which in combination diminish the effectiveness of zidovudine.
Discussion: The high prevalence of individual TAMs (D67N and K70R) or TAMs in combination (M41L with T215Y) reduces susceptibility to Zidovudine (a key drug for most second line regimens).
Pre-treatment drug resistance and HIV-1 genetic diversity in the rural and urban settings of Northwest-Cameroon.
Discussion: In combination, M41L plus T215Y confer intermediate / high-level resistance to Zidovudine (AZT) and Stavudine (d4T) and contribute to reduced Didanosine (ddI), Abacavir (ABC) and Tenofovir (TDF) susceptibility.
Discussion: The mutation M41L is a TAM that usually occurs with T215Y.
Prevalence and determinants of virological failure, genetic diversity and drug resistance among people living with HIV in a minority area in China: a population-based study.
Result: The most common mutations in NNRTIs were K103N/KN (64.69%), V179D/E (23.47%) and Y181C/YC/I (14.00%), they were M184V/MV/I (36.29%), T215F/FS/TNSY (7.50%) and K219Q (5.92%) in NRTIs, and they were Q58E/QE (4.93%), L10F/LFI (0.39%) and M46L (0.39%) in PIs.
Nucleocapsid Protein Precursors NCp9 and NCp15 Suppress ATP-Mediated Rescue of AZT-Terminated Primers by HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase.
PMID: 32747359
2020
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: Clinically relevant combinations of TAMs, such as M41L/T215Y or D67N/K70R/T215F/K219Q, enhance the ATP-mediated excision of AZT monophosphate (AZTMP) from the 3' end of the primer, allowing DNA synthesis to continue.
Abstract: In HIV-1, development of resistance to AZT (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine) is mediated by the acquisition of thymidine analogue resistance mutations (TAMs) (i.e., M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, and K219E/Q) in the viral reverse transcriptase (RT).
Two Coselected Distal Mutations in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) Alter Susceptibility to Nonnucleoside RT Inhibitors and Nucleoside Analogs.
Discussion: TAMs occur in different patterns: type 1 includes M41L, L210W and T215Y (14%, 11.6% and 4.7% prevalence, respectively, in our study), and type 2 includes K70R, D67N T215F and K219Q/E (37.2%, 27.9%, 27.9% and 14% prevalence, respectively, in our study).
Discussion: The accumulation of other mutations observed included TAMs (including M41L, L210W, T215Y, K70R, D67N, T215F and K219Q), resulting in increased resistance to AZT, TDF,
HIV Drug Resistance Mutations in Patients with HIV and HIV-TB Coinfection After Failure of First-Line Therapy: A Prevalence Study in a Resource-Limited Setting.
PMID: 31117863
2019
Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2020
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