Method: Thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) included M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, K219E/Q) that were further designated as TAM 1 (M41-L210-T215Y) or TAM 2 (D67-K70-T215F-K219).
Connection subdomain mutations in HIV-1 subtype-C treatment-experienced patients enhance NRTI and NNRTI drug resistance.
Method: Vectors pHL[B-TAMs] and pHL[C-TAMs] were created by introducing NRTI resistance mutations D67N, K70R, T215Y/F, and K219Q into pHL[B-WT] and pHL[C-WT], respectively.
Result: Inherent levels of AZT resistance were first tested for wild-type subtype C in the absence (C-WT) or presence (C-TAMs) of TAMs (D67N, K70R, T215F/Y and K219Q).
Result: Slight increases in the AZT EC50 were observed between subtype B (18x) and C (28x) in the presence of TAMs, however this is likely due to the fact that the subtype B TAMs combination contained mutation T215Y instead of T215F.
Result: Sta
Human APOBEC3G-mediated hypermutation is associated with antiretroviral therapy failure in HIV-1 subtype C-infected individuals.
PMID: 23443042
2013
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Result: M184V and T215Y/F were observed in plasma only in six and three patients, respectively, while M41L and K65R were observed in one patient each in provirus only.
Result: As expected, among the NRTI and NNRTI mutations, M184I/V (71.9%), T215Y/F (34.4%), K103N (34.3%), and Y181C (28.1%) were the most prevalent in any of the compartments.
Table: T215F
Transmission patterns of HIV-subtypes A/AE versus B: inferring risk-behavior trends and treatment-efficacy limitations from viral genotypic data obtained prior to and during antiretroviral therapy.
Result: The latter differed significantly in the frequencies of the major resistance RT mutations T215FY and K219QE (NRTI) and of several secondary/accessory mutations, including: the protease mutations I13V, M36I, I62V, L63P, A71V, V77I, L89M and I93L (Table 6) and the RT mutations A98S, K101N, K103R and V179I (Table 5).
Restriction fragment mass polymorphism (RFMP) analysis based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for detecting antiretroviral resistance in HIV-1 infected patients.
PMID: 23480551
2013
Clinical microbiology and infection
Abstract: The concordance rates between the RFMP and direct sequencing assays for the examined codons were 97% (K65R), 97% (T69Ins/D), 97% (L74VI), 97% (K103N), 96% (V106AM), 97% (Q151M), 97% (Y181C), 97% (M184VI) and 94% (T215YF) in the reverse transcriptase coding region, and 100% (D30N), 100% (M46I), 100% (G48V), 100% (I50V), 100% (I54LS), 99% (V82A), 99% (I84V) and 100% (L90M) in th
Diversity of HIV type 1 and drug resistance mutations among injecting drug users in Kenya.
PMID: 22856626
2013
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: The prevalence of drug resistance was 13.8% (8/58) with detection of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) mutations, T215F (n=5), K219Q (n=3), M184V (n=1), and nonnucleoside RTI mutation, K103N (n=1).
Transmitted HIV drug resistance in treatment-naive Romanian patients.
Result: Thymidine analogues mutations (TAMs), selected mostly by ZDV and d4T, were prevalent (6/9; 66.66%), with type II TAMs being more frequently detected (4/9; 44.44%): K70R and K219Q (each in three cases), D67N and T215F (each in two cases).
Evaluation of WHO immunologic criteria for treatment failure: implications for detection of virologic failure, evolution of drug resistance and choice of second-line therapy in India.
PMID: 23735817
2013
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Method: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) mutations included in this analysis were as follows: M184V, M184I and M184V/I for lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC) resistance; K65R and K70E, associated with tenofovir (TDF) resistance; thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y, T215F, K219Q, and K219 E, associated with resistance to multiple NRTIs; and multinucleoside mutations, including the
Increasing trends in primary NNRTI resistance among newly HIV-1-diagnosed individuals in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
PMID: 24093951
2013
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Method: Sequences were analyzed to identify mutations associated with reduced susceptibility to protease and RT inhibitors, as reported by the International AIDS Society-USA in 2010: RT-M41L, A62V, K65R, D67N, 69 insert, K70R, L74V,V75I, F77L, L100I, K101P, K103N, V106A, V106M, V108I, Y115
Table: T215F
Hypersusceptibility mechanism of Tenofovir-resistant HIV to EFdA.
Introduction: The excision reaction is facilitated by Excision Enhancement Mutations (EEMs), typically M41L, D67N, K70R, T215Y/F, L210W, and K219E/Q, which are also known as Thymidine Associated Mutations (TAMs) because they were historically linked to resistance to thymidine analogs AZT and d4T.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2013
AIDS (London, England)
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