literature

Zidovudine (AZT) monotherapy selects for the A360V mutation in the connection domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

PMID: 22363673 2012 PloS one

Abstract: BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated in vitro that zidovudine (AZT) selects for A371V in the connection domain and Q509L in ribonuclease H (RNase H) domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) which, together with the thymidine analog mutations D67N, K70R and T215F, confer greater than 100-fold AZT resistance.

Introduction: A second pattern includes D67N, K70R, T215F and K219Q/E (TAM-2 pathway).

Introduction: Resistance was conferred by mutations in the polymerase domain of RT that included

PMID: 22384138 2012 PloS one

Table: T215F

Table: T215Y/F

Discussion: 7/11 women with HIV-1 carrying AZT-selected mutants displayed the K70R mutation in proportions of 3%-28%, whereas T215Y/F-carrying virus was harbored in lower proportions of 0.5%-3.9% by four women.

HIV-1 phenotypic reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug resistance test interpretation is not dependent on the subtype of the virus backbone.

PMID: 22496845 2012 PloS one

Result: The most prevalent mutations in this dataset included: K103N (n = 30; 38.5%), M184V (n = 26; 33.3%), T215Y (n = 13; 16.7%), T215F (n = 8; 10.3%), M41L (n = 9; 11.5%), V106M (n = 8; 10.3%), D67N (n = 9; 11.5%), V108I (n = 8; 10.3%).

Impact of Novel Resistance Profiles in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase on Phenotypic Resistance to NVP.

PMID: 22536497 2012 AIDS research and treatment

Discussion: The group found H221Y was strongly associated with the use of NVP and showed positive interactions with Y181C and was also negatively associated with the use of ZDV and with TAMs (particularly TAMs-2, such as D67N, K70R, K219Q/E, and T215F) and was then associated with an increased susceptibility to ZDV.

Transmitted drug resistance and phylogenetic relationships among acute and early HIV-1-infected individuals in New York City.

PMID: 22592583 2012 Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)

Result: Mutations M41L (3.7%), T215Y/F/S/D/C/E (4.0%), K103N/S (4.7%) and L90M were most prevalent.

Discussion: The distribution of mutations is very similar to that reported in the European surveillance study SPREAD, with a predominance of the thymidine analog mutations, M41L and T215R/F, and L90M in the protease coding region.

[Study on HIV-1 drug resistance profile of 257 AIDS patients with failure on the first-line antiretroviral treatment in Henan].

PMID: 22613387 2012 Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi

Abstract: 40.47% of the samples harbored>=1 TAM, with T215Y/F having the most, as 33.85%.

K65R in subtype C HIV-1 isolates from patients failing on a first-line regimen including d4T or AZT: comparison of Sanger and UDP sequencing data.

PMID: 22615779 2012 PloS one

Discussion: The Sanger results of isolates from treated patients were as expected with a predominance of M184V, numerous TAMs of pathway1 (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F) and DRMs to NNRTIs (mainly K101E, K103N, V106M, Y181C, G190A).

Assessing subtypes and drug resistance mutations among HIV-1 infected children who failed antiretroviral therapy in Kelantan, Malaysia.

PMID: 22729198 2012 The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases

Abstract: The most prevalent RT mutations were T215F/V/Y (66.7%), D67G/N (55.6%), K219Q/E/R (44.4%), M184V/I (38.9%), K70R/E (27.8%) and M41L (27.8%), associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) resistance; and K103N (55.6%), G190A (33.3%), and K101P/E/H (27.8%) associated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) resistance.

Connection domain mutations during antiretroviral treatment failure in Mali: frequencies and impact on reverse transcriptase inhibitor activity.

PMID: 22828721 2012 Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)

Method: Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) were defined as M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, K219E/Q.

Clinical, virological and biochemical evidence supporting the association of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase polymorphism R284K and thymidine analogue resistance mutations M41L, L210W and T215Y in patients failing tenofovir/emtricitabine therapy.

PMID: 22889300 2012 Retrovirology

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Thymidine analogue resistance mutations (TAMs) selected under treatment with nucleoside analogues generate two distinct genotypic profiles in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT): (i) TAM1: M41L, L210W and T215Y, and (ii) TAM2: D67N, K70R and K219E/Q, and sometimes T215F.

Introduction: However, combinations of M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y and K219E/Q increase ATP-mediated excision of chain-terminating

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