Method: A second genotyping performed one month after HAART showed K101E, G190A, and T215F.
Table: T215F
Discussion: G190A is known to impact only slightly in viral fitness, and could have remained in the quasispecies until selected as a major variant by the emergence of T215F and NRTI selective pressure.
Discussion: The standard genotyping was able to detect G190A mutation only one month after start of ARV, when the T215F mutation was already present (Table 1).
Discussion: We speculate that T215F has emerged in those viral species already carrying both NNRTI mutations, and t
The public health approach to identify antiretroviral therapy failure: high-level nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance among Malawians failing first-line antiretroviral therapy.
Method: NRTI mutations included K65R and K70E (associated with TDF resistance), thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y, T215F, K219Q, and K219E, and multinucleoside mutations, including the 69 insertion complex and the 151 complex.
Result: The most frequent TAMs were T215 F/Y (73%), D67N (53%), K70R (36%), M41L (36%), K219 Q/E (23%), and L210W (23%).
Clinical relevance of substitutions in the connection subdomain and RNase H domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase from a cohort of antiretroviral treatment-naive patients.
Introduction: The excision mechanism is associated with mutations at the polymerase domain, including M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y and K219E/Q (excision-containing mutations, EEMs, also known as thymidine analogue-associated mutations [TAMs]).
Discussion: The Type I EEMs (M41L, L210W, T215Y and occasionally the D67N mutation) appear twice as frequently as Type II EEMs (D67N, K70R, T215F and K219Q mutation) in subtype B, whereas Type II EEMs are mostly obse
Antiretroviral drug resistance surveillance among treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals in Angola: evidence for low level of transmitted drug resistance.
PMID: 19433560
2009
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: Two (1.6%) unrelated patients harbored nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor- and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant viruses (mutations: M41L, D67N, M184V, L210W, T215Y or T215F, and K103N).
Virological efficacy and emergence of drug resistance in adults on antiretroviral treatment in rural Tanzania.
Clinical and genotypic findings in HIV-infected patients with the K65R mutation failing first-line antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria.
PMID: 19644383
2009
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Result: The most common NRTI mutations observed were M184V (301, 89.1%), K70R (91, 26.9%), D67N (75, 22.2%), T215Y (61, 18.0%), T215F (51, 15.1%), M41L (46, 13.6%), K219Q (45, 13.3%), S68G (43, 12.7%), and K65R (37, 10.9%).
Discussion: Recently the rare association between TAMS and K65R was confirmed in vivo; furthermore when K65R was present with TAMS it was only found on the same genome with T215F/Y and >=2 other TAMS in the presence of Q151M.
Minority variants associated with transmitted and acquired HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance: implications for the use of second-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
PMID: 19734799
2009
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Result: Twelve samples had established NRTI-resistance mutations including M184V/I in 9 samples and T215F/Y in 6 samples.
Structural basis for the role of the K65R mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase polymerization, excision antagonism, and tenofovir resistance.
PMID: 19812032
2009
The Journal of biological chemistry
Introduction: Mutations M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, and K219Q/E/N, which are primary resistance mutations for AZT and stavudine, are called thymidine analog mutations (TAMs), AZTr, or excision-enhancing mutations.
Discussion: TAMs (M41L, D67N, K70R, T215Y/F, and K219Q/E/N) cause enhanced NRTI excision, a major mechanism of resistance where the excision of incorporated nucleotides is mediated by ATP.
RT-SHIV subpopulation dynamics in infected macaques during anti-HIV therapy.
Discussion: The 214F mutation is associated with nucleoside analogue mutation cluster 2 (D67N+K70R+K219Q+T215F) and negatively associated with nucleotide analogue mutation cluster 1 (M41L+L210W+T215Y).
Viremia, resuppression, and time to resistance in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) subtype C during first-line antiretroviral therapy in South Africa.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2009
PloS one
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