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 HIV mutation literature information.


  High prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance among patients on first-line antiretroviral treatment in Lome, Togo.
 PMID: 21663632       2011       Journal of the International AIDS Society
Result: Two patients had virus mutations indicative of the TAM-1 profile (M41L, L210W, T215S), and two of the TAM-2 profile (D67N, K70R, T215F, K219Q/R/E).
Table: T215F


  Selection of HIV resistance associated with antiretroviral therapy initiated due to pregnancy and suspended postpartum.
 PMID: 21765365       2011       Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Method: An OLA was performed on all amplicons derived from plasma and PBMC using probes that detect mutations associated with high-level drug-resistance to NFV, codons D30N (AAT) and L90M (ATG), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) at codons K70R (AGA), M184V (GTG), and T215F/Y (TTC, TAC), and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) at codons K103N (AAC), Y181C (TGT), and G190A (GCA) as described.


  The glutamine side chain at position 91 on the beta5a-beta5b loop of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase is required for stabilizing the dNTP binding pocket.
 PMID: 21800837       2011       Biochemistry
Result: have reported a concomitant increase in the processivity of the mutant enzyme D76N, K70R, T215F, and K219Q to compensate for the increased pyrophosphorolysis, which they attribute to alterations T215F and K219Q.
Result: have reported such enhanced pyrophosphorolysis in HIV-1 RT due to mutations D76N/K70R in the high-level resistance mutants D76N, K70R,


  A structural frame for understanding the role of thymidine analogue resistance mutations in resistance to zidovudine and other nucleoside analogues.
 PMID: 22024508       2011       Antiviral therapy
Abstract: These mutations, known as thymidine analogue resistance mutations (TAMs) are M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y and K219E/Q.


  Resistance patterns selected by nevirapine vs. efavirenz in HIV-infected patients failing first-line antiretroviral treatment: a bayesian analysis.
 PMID: 22132100       2011       PloS one
Introduction: With regard to subtype, in subjects infected with HIV-1 subtype B, the thymidine analogue mutations pathway 1 or TAM-1 (including mutations M41L, L210W and T215Y) is probably more frequent than the TAM-2 pathway (including mutations D67N, K70R, T215F and K219E/Q), although systematic studies of these pathways have not been done.
Discussion: Our analysis offers strong evidence that, in contrast to the mutation patterns published for other subtypes, individuals infected with CRF01_AE and experiencing virologic failure while receiving NVP-based HAART favor TAM-2 resistance pathways (K70R, D67N, T215F,


  Emerging trends of drug-resistant HIV-1 among drug-treated patients in former blood donors in Hubei, China: a three-year surveillance from 2004 to 2006.
 PMID: 22160938       2011       Virologica Sinica
Abstract: Genotypic drug resistance analysis showed significant increases in percentages of patients carrying HIV-1 strains with M41L, T215Y/F, D67N, K103N, G190A/S, Y181C/F or L210W mutations.


  Correlation between resistance profile and immunosuppression in heavily treated HIV-1 infected Romanian patients.
 PMID: 22180722       2011       Romanian biotechnological letters
Result: Thymidine analog mutations, TAMs, selected by zidovudine (AZT) and stavudine (D4T) were usually accompanying this mutation; TAM-2 pathway (mutations D67N, K70R, T215F) was most commonly encountered in immunossupressed patients (28.6%), as well as other substitutions that by themselves, or while accompanying other mutations, confer NRTI resistance: K219E/K/Q (38.1%) and T69N (19%).


  Does GSS still maintain relevance on HAART outcome after the introduction of newest active antiretroviral drugs? 48 weeks results.
 PMID: 22211659       2011       Current HIV research
Abstract: Data also showed a > 60% recurrence of specific mutations for NRTI: M41L, M184IV, L210W, T215FY, K219EQ and 75% for D67N.


  Low-abundance HIV species and their impact on mutational profiles in patients with virological failure on once-daily abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine and tenofovir.
 PMID: 20008905       2010       The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Abstract: By CG at VF, for subjects with TAMs, T215F was more commonly detected (5/14 samples) than T215Y (2/14).
Abstract: For one subject who selected K65R at VF, both K65R-containing clones and TAM-containing clones (both T215A and T215F) were observed independently but not conjunctively in the same clone in a post-VF sample.
Abstract: No HIV clone contained both K65R and T215F/Y mutations, suggesting in vivo antagonism between the two mutations.

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