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 HIV mutation literature information.


  Antiretroviral genotypic resistance mutations in HIV-1 infected Korean patients with virologic failure.
 PMID: 19949656       2009       Journal of Korean medical science
Abstract: M184V/I mutation was observed in 36 patients (87.7%) followed by T215Y/F (41.5%) and M46I/L (34%).
Result: M184V/I mutation was observed in 36 patients (87.7%) followed by T215Y/F (17/41, 41.5%) and M46I/L (14/41, 34.2%).


  Treatment outcomes and plasma level of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir monotherapy among HIV-infected patients who had NRTI and NNRTI failure.
 PMID: 20030841       2009       AIDS research and therapy
Result: The frequencies of thymidine analogue associated mutations (TAMs) were 17 (43%) D67N, 16 (40%) T215FY, 8 (20%) M41L, 6 (15%) K60R, 6 (15%) L210W, 2 (5%) K219Q.


  The K65R mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: genetic barriers, resistance profile and clinical implications.
 PMID: 20190870       2009       HIV therapy
Introduction: Single-genome sequence analysis demonstrates a negative association of K65R with TAMs (T215Y/F + >=2 TAMs) on the same genome, except when facilitated with Q151M complex mutations.
Introduction: Two distinct TAM (TAM-1 and -2) pathways lead to the stepwise accumulation of major (M41L, K70R and T215Y/F), minor/secondary (D67N and L210W) and compensatory (E44D, V118I and H208Y) mutations that confer a 5-500-fold reduced susceptibility to AZT and broad cross-resistance between NRTIs (Figure 1).


  Molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 in Yaounde, Cameroon: evidence of major drug resistance mutations in newly diagnosed patients infected with subtypes other than subtype B.
 PMID: 17855574       2008       Journal of clinical microbiology
Abstract: Single mutations associated with resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (T215Y/F [n = 3]) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (V108I [n = 1], L100I [n = 1], and Y181C [n = 2]) were observed in 7 of 75 (9.3%) group M samples.


  AZT resistance of simian foamy virus reverse transcriptase is based on the excision of AZTMP in the presence of ATP.
 PMID: 18096624       2008       Nucleic acids research
Discussion: For HIV-1 RT it was concluded from biochemical and structural data that the exchange of T215 to an aromatic residue (T215F/Y) enhances binding of ATP, but not PPi, thus facilitating excision.
Discussion: The mutations involved in the enhanced excision of AZTMP in HIV-1 RT are M41L, D67N, K70R, T215Y/F and K219Q/E (Figure 7).


  Genotypic resistance profile and clinical progression of treatment-experienced HIV type 1-infected patients with virological failure.
 PMID: 18240962       2008       AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: In multivariable models adjusting for prior AIDS, baseline CD4 counts, HIV-1 RNA, and calendar year, viral resistance variables associated with increased hazards of clinical progression were the presence of reverse transcriptase substitution T215F (p = 0.002) and the presence of three or more protease substitutions among L33F/I/V, V82A/F/L/T, I84V, and L90M (p = 0.003).


  Identification of a novel resistance (E40F) and compensatory (K43E) substitution in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
 PMID: 18271957       2008       Retrovirology
Introduction:
Result: Mutations from the TAM-2 pathway (D67N, K70R, T215F and K219Q/E) were only weakly or even negatively associated with the E40F and K43E changes, with the exception of the D67N substitution, which has also been associated with the TAM-1 pathway.
Result: We investigated the association of the E40F and K43E changes with each other and with the known thymidine associated mutations (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F and K219Q/E; Table 2).


  Trend of drug-resistant HIV type 1 emergence among therapy-naive patients in Nagoya, Japan: an 8-year surveillance from 1999 to 2006.
 PMID: 18275342       2008       AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: In addition, another 17 variants (4.2%, n = 17) with only 215-revertant mutations (T215C/D/G/L/S) that can easily reconvert to the nucleoside analogue-associated mutation of T215Y/F were found.


  Prevalence of genotypic resistance to nucleoside analogues, nonnucleoside analogues, and protease inhibitors in HIV-infected persons in Athens, Greece.
 PMID: 18275347       2008       AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: The most frequent ARMs of each drug category were to NRTIs at codons M184V [present in 149 tests (63.6%)], M41L [79 (33.8%)], K70R [66 (28.2%)], M184VI [58 (24.8%)], T215YF [53 (22.7%)], D67N [82 (35.0%)], T215Y [72 (30.8%)], K219Q [47 (20.1%)], K219E/Q [54 (23.1%)], and L210W [49 (20.9%)], respectively.


  HIV type 1 pol gene diversity and antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in Santos, Brazil.
 PMID: 18327988       2008       AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: Drug resistance mutations identified in common to subtypes B, F, and recombinants B/F were protease inhibitors M46I/L (29%), I54V (24%), A71V (22%), and V82A/F (31%); reverse transcriptase nucleoside resistance mutations M41L (52%), D67N (30%), K70R (26%), M184V (88%), L210W (29%), T215Y/I/F (65%), and K219Q/E/N (28%); and reverse transcriptase nonnucleoside resistance mutation K103N (52%).



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