Method: Tenofovir-associated mutations were defined as A62V, K65R/N/E, S68G/N/D, T69 deletions, and K70E/Q/N/T/S/G.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Viral Load Is Elevated in Individuals With Reverse-Transcriptase Mutation M184V/I During Virological Failure of First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy and Is Associated With Compensatory Mutation L74I.
PMID: 31774913
2020
The Journal of infectious diseases
Result: Many of these mutations have previously been associated with drug resistance to tenofovir, either directly (K65R, K70E) or as compensatory mutations for K65R (A62V, S68N, F155Y).
Polymorphisms and Mutational Covariation Associated with Death in a Prospective Cohort of HIV/AIDS Patients Receiving Long-Term ART in China.
Result: 6 polymorphisms that were not previously identified as being associated with drug resistance per the Stanford database (T39A, K43E, S68N, Q197K, T200V and E224D) were found to have an association with drug resistance mutations.
Mutational Correlates of Virological Failure in Individuals Receiving a WHO-Recommended Tenofovir-Containing First-Line Regimen: An International Collaboration.
Discussion: S68N has been selected in vitro by TDF and shown to further reduce TDF susceptibility when present with K65R.
Discussion: The 12 TDF-selected TRAMs included A62V, K65R/N, S68G/D/N, K70E/Q/T, L74I, V75L, and Y115F.
Discussion: The most commonly occurring of these were K65R (39.5%; 1134/2873), S68G/N (21.4%; 614/2873), Y115F (11.9%; 343/2873), K70E/Q/T (10.9%; 312/2873), A62V (10.4%; 298/2873), and L74I (6.4%; 165/2873).
Persistence of frequently transmitted drug-resistant HIV-1 variants can be explained by high viral replication capacity.
Trends in Genotypic HIV-1 Antiretroviral Resistance between 2006 and 2012 in South African Patients Receiving First- and Second-Line Antiretroviral Treatment Regimens.
Result: S68N occurred in 1.4% (20) of patients, a proportion higher than the 0.1% and 0.3% previously found in the subtype C and non-subtype C RTI-experienced patients in HIVDB.
Low-abundance HIV species and their impact on mutational profiles in patients with virological failure on once-daily abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine and tenofovir.
PMID: 20008905
2010
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Table: S68N
Figure: Phylogenetic analysis of plasma HIV variants isolated from a representative subject (Subject 2) whose baseline HIV-1 RNA was 5.30 log10 copies/mL and whose baseline (pre-therapy) population genotype was wild-type and who at failure had an HIV-1 RNA of 2.87 log10 copies/mL and a population genotype of K65R + S68N/S + Y115F/Y + V118I.
Sequential emergence and clinical implications of viral mutants with K70E and K65R mutation in reverse transcriptase during prolonged tenofovir monotherapy in rhesus macaques with chronic RT-SHIV infection.
Result: Five weeks later, virus could be isolated again from PBMC, and this virus had the K
Result: The mutations most commonly observed (sometimes transiently) after the detection of K65R included K20R (3 animals), M41L (3 animals), S68G/K/N (12 animals), K70H/N/T/Q (9 animals), W88S (6 animals), Y115F (9 animals), F116W (6 animals), V118I (3 animals), I178M (6 animals), L214F (11 animals), and K219Q/R/E/N/D/H/G (7 animals) (table 1).
Table: S68N
Novel nonnucleoside inhibitors that select nucleoside inhibitor resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase.
PMID: 16870771
2006
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: Rather, four mutations (M41L, A62T/V, V118I, and M184V) known to cause resistance to NRTIs and two additional novel mutations (S68N and G112S) adjacent to the catalytic site of the enzyme were selected.
In vitro human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance selections with combinations of tenofovir and emtricitabine or abacavir and lamivudine.
PMID: 16982781
2006
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: The S68N and S68K mutations were also observed in the tenofovir cultures, with no detectable impact on resistance, suggesting a possible compensatory role in viral fitness.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2021
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