Result: The most frequent surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRMs) were K103NS (6.7%) to NNRTI; M41L (1.2%) and T215CDEF (2.1%) to NRTI; M46IL (1.7%) to PI; and E138AKT (0.2%), Q148HKR (0.1%), and S230R (0.1%) to INSTI (Figure 2a).
HIV-1 molecular epidemiology and drug resistance-associated mutations among treatment-naive blood donors in China.
Result: The PI major DRMs included M46L, M46I and N88S.
Table: M46L
Discussion: Q58E and other DRMs (M46L/I, N88S) that confer resistance to PIs were present in our study.
Discussion: M46I/L caused PLLR to many INSTIs among HIV-1 positive individuals, while N88S could result in HLR to Atazanavir (ATV) and NFV, LLR to Indinavir (IDV) and Saquinavir (SQV).
Polymorphisms and drug resistance analysis of HIV-1 isolates from patients on first line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in South-eastern Nigeria.
Discussion: M46I/L is a nonpolymorphic PI-selected mutation that reduces susceptibility to indinavir (IDV), nelfinavir (NFV), fosamprenavir (FPV), lopinavir (LPV) and atazanavir (ATV) when present with other mutations.
Discussion: M46L also reduces susceptibility to tipranavir (TPV).
Discussion: Although our study did not determine the phenotypic resistance pattern in the infected individuals (a limitation of the study), analysis according to the Stanford algorithm showed that M46L mutation confers potential low-level resistance to ATV/r, FPV/r, IDV/r, LPV/r, TPV/r and intermediate-level resistance to NFV to isolates in this study as shown in Table 3.
Discussion: The frequency of occurrence (10.7%) of major PI resistance mutations, PMID: 31819984
2020
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Result: The most frequent PI mutations included M46I/L and L90M.
Highly drug-resistant HIV-1 protease reveals decreased intra-subunit interactions due to clusters of mutations.
Introduction: Two mutations in PRS5B have a major association with drug-resistance (M46L and I84V), while nine are classified as minor drug resistance mutations (L10I, V11I, M36I, I54V, I62V, I
Result: PRS17 contains a cluster of three flap mutations, M46L, G48V, and I54V, which primarily affect the conformation of the flaps.
Result: PRS5B contains 22 mutations, including only a single mutation (I84V) in the inhibitor binding site and two mutations (M46L and I54V) in the flaps.
Trend of HIV-1 drug resistance in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis of data accumulated over 17 years (2001-2017).
Result: Four mutations T69D (NRTI), K103N/S (NNRTI), M46I/L (PI) and L90M (PI) showed significantly different percentages in different subtypes (p < 0.05) (Table 1).
Result: Furthermore, we found a very high proportion (29.4%) of PI mutation M46I/L in ART-naive individuals, significantly higher than that in ART-treated individuals (1.3%).
Result: In contrast, most M46I/L variants in other subtypes were scattered within the strains without this mutation, implying natural polymorphism of HIV-1.
Result: Low percentages of NRTI and
Prevalence of acquired drug resistance mutations in antiretroviral- experiencing subjects from 2012 to 2017 in Hunan Province of central South China.
Conclusion: A genotype resistance test (GRT) in June 2002 (Trugene HIV-1 Genotyping Assay, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics GmbH, Eschborn, Germany) showed extensive resistance in the RT region (M41L, E44D, D67N, V118L, M184V, L210W, and T215Y) and the PR region (L10I, M46L, L63P, V82T, and L90M), and a tropism test in 2013 (envelope glycoprotein (gp)120 V3 loop sequencing) revealed a C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) tropic virus with a false positive rate of 91.3% (geno2pheno c
HIV-1 acquired drug resistance to integrase inhibitors in a cohort of antiretroviral therapy multi-experienced Mexican patients failing to raltegravir: a cross-sectional study.
High resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype circulating recombinant form 02_AG in Ghana and on antiretroviral therapy.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2021
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
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