Trends in Genotypic HIV-1 Antiretroviral Resistance between 2006 and 2012 in South African Patients Receiving First- and Second-Line Antiretroviral Treatment Regimens.
Result: Higher frequencies of K70R (p = 0.016) and M46I (p = 0.026) were present among patients with recent HIV-1 infection; there were no statistically significant differences in the frequencies of other RAMs.
Result: In patients with chronic HIV-1 infection, T215D/E/F/I/S/Y (0.8%), Y181C (0.5%), and M46I (0.4%) were the most common RAMs to the corresponding drug classes.
Result: In patients with recent HIV-1 infection, M184I/V and T215D/E/F/I/S/Y were the most common RAMs to NRTIs (1.1% each);
Crystallographic study of multi-drug resistant HIV-1 protease lopinavir complex: mechanism of drug recognition and resistance.
PMID: 23792096
2013
Biochemical and biophysical research communications
Introduction: Although drug resistance is relatively less likely to develop against LPV compared to other HIV-1 protease inhibitors, resistance mutations, including 32I, 47A, 46I, L33F, I54V, V82A, I84V, and L90M, or combinations among L76V, M46I, and V82A in the protease, and A431V in gag are responsible for reduced efficacy of LPV.
Description of HIV-1 group M molecular epidemiology and drug resistance prevalence in Equatorial Guinea from migrants in Spain.
Abstract: Transmitted drug-resistance (TDR) rate among naive patients attended in Spain (n = 144) was 4.7%: 3.4% for PI (all with M46IL), 1.8% for NRTI (all with M184V) and 0.9% for NNRTI (Y188L).
Result: In 5 (3.4%) subjects, the mutations affected PR inhibitors (PI), with M46I/L substitution in all cases.
Table: M46I
Discussion: The highest TDR rate was found for PI (3.4%), led by the presence of the substitution M46I/L in all cases.
Low frequency of genotypic resistance in HIV-1-infected patients failing an atazanavir-containing regimen: a clinical cohort study.
PMID: 23711895
2013
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Abstract: The minor mutations most strongly associated with atazanavir experience were M36I, M46I, F53L, A71V, V82T and I85V (P < 0.05).
Discussion: They described eight mutations that had an adverse effect on viral load reduction at 3 months, but only two of these (M46I and I84V) coincided with those identified in our analysis.
Restriction fragment mass polymorphism (RFMP) analysis based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for detecting antiretroviral resistance in HIV-1 infected patients.
PMID: 23480551
2013
Clinical microbiology and infection
Abstract: The concordance rates between the RFMP and direct sequencing assays for the examined codons were 97% (K65R), 97% (T69Ins/D), 97% (L74VI), 97% (K103N), 96% (V106AM), 97% (Q151M), 97% (Y181C), 97% (M184VI) and 94% (T215YF) in the reverse transcriptase coding region, and 100% (D30N), 100% (M46I), 100% (G48V), 100% (I50V), 100% (I54LS), 99% (V82A), 99% (I84V) and 100% (L90M) in th
Transmission patterns of HIV-subtypes A/AE versus B: inferring risk-behavior trends and treatment-efficacy limitations from viral genotypic data obtained prior to and during antiretroviral therapy.
Result: Two carried the protease mutation M46I; three had NRTI-related mutations; 11 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI); and one was resistant to NRTI and NNRTI.
Table: M46I/L
Figure: Major drug-resistance mutations in drug naive individuals: Red circles - K103N; Green triangle - M184V; orange rhombus - protease M46I.
"Description of the L76V resistance protease mutation in HIV-1 B and ""non-B"" subtypes."
Method: In our study, samples with at least one of the major PI RAM of the IAS-USA list as follows: D30N, V32I, M46I/L, I47A/V, G48V, I50L/V, I54L/M, Q58E, T74P, L76V, V82A/F/L/T/S, N83D, I84V, N88S, L90M were considered as PI-resistant issued from PI-experienced patients.
Result: Again, the topology of the dendrogram showed the strong
Low rates of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance in a well-monitored cohort in South Africa on antiretroviral therapy.
Result: Of the five with resistance at enrollment, no NRTI resistance was observed, two had resistance to NNRTIs (K103N n=1; V106M, K103N n=1), two had protease resistance (M46I n=1, M46L n=1) and one had both protease and NNRTI resistance (M46V, K101E, G190A).
Result: Only one of these subjects with baseline resistance (M46I) would have been fully susceptible to the regimen they were prescribed (d4T, 3TC, EFV).
Frequency and patterns of protease gene resistance mutations in HIV-infected patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir as their first protease inhibitor.
PMID: 22258921
2012
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Abstract: One or more protease mutations were detected in 32 (11%) patients; the most frequent were I54V (n = 12), M46I (n = 11), V82A (n = 7) and L76V (n = 3).
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2013
PloS one
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