The public health approach to identify antiretroviral therapy failure: high-level nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance among Malawians failing first-line antiretroviral therapy.
Method: NRTI mutations included K65R and K70E (associated with TDF resistance), thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y, T215F, K219Q, and K219E, and multinucleoside mutations, including the 69 insertion complex and the 151 complex.
Result: The most frequent TAMs were T215 F/Y (73%), D67N (53%), K70R (36%), M41L (36%), K219 Q/E (23%), and L210W (23%).
Clinical relevance of substitutions in the connection subdomain and RNase H domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase from a cohort of antiretroviral treatment-naive patients.
Introduction: The excision mechanism is associated with mutations at the polymerase domain, including M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y and K219E/Q (excision-containing mutations, EEMs, also known as thymidine analogue-associ
Discussion: The Type I EEMs (M41L, L210W, T215Y and occasionally the D67N mutation) appear twice as frequently as Type II EEMs (D67N, K70R, T215F and K219Q mutation) in subtype B, whereas Type II EEMs are mostly observed in non-B isolates.
Antiretroviral drug resistance surveillance among treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals in Angola: evidence for low level of transmitted drug resistance.
PMID: 19433560
2009
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: Two (1.6%) unrelated patients harbored nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor- and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant viruses (mutations: M41L, D67N, M184V, L210W, T215Y or T215F, and K103N).
Genetic characterization of HIV-1 strains in Togo reveals a high genetic complexity and genotypic drug-resistance mutations in ARV naive patients.
PMID: 19460333
2009
Infection, genetics and evolution
Abstract: A total of 8 patients harbored strains with mutations associated to drug resistance: L90M (n=1), K103N (n=1), T69N (n=1), T215S (n=1), M41L (n=4).
HIV type-1 clade C resistance genotypes in treatment-naive patients and after first virological failure in a large community antiretroviral therapy programme.
Discussion: The two mutations that are likely to reduce susceptibility to NRTIs if transmitted, T215C and M41L, were not seen in either the naive or non-naive groups.
Virological efficacy and emergence of drug resistance in adults on antiretroviral treatment in rural Tanzania.
Clinical and genotypic findings in HIV-infected patients with the K65R mutation failing first-line antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria.
PMID: 19644383
2009
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Result: The most common NRTI mutations observed were M184V (301, 89.1%), K70R (91, 26.9%), D67N (75, 22.2%), T215Y (61, 18.0%), T215F (51, 15.1%), M41L (46, 13.6%), K219Q (45, 13.3%), S68G (43, 12.7%), and K65R (37, 10.9%).
Effectiveness of antiretroviral regimens containing abacavir with tenofovir in treatment-experienced patients: predictors of virological response and drug resistance evolution in a multi-cohort study.
Abstract: Higher viral load and the presence of M41L at baseline were associated with worse virological responses, while the concomitant prescription of drugs enhancing the genetic barrier of the regimen conveyed a reduced risk of virological failure.
Abstract: In the subset of 136 patients for whom there were genotypic resistance test results prior to ABC + TDF initiation, the virological failure (1-year estimated probability 46%) was independently predicted by the higher baseline viral load, the concomitant use of boosted PI, and the presence of reverse transcriptase mutation M41L.
Analysis of the diversity of the HIV-1 pol gene and drug resistance associated changes among drug-naive patients in Burkina Faso.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2009
AIDS (London, England)
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