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 HIV mutation literature information.


  Role of atazanavir in the treatment of HIV infection.
 PMID: 19436623       2009       Therapeutics and clinical risk management
Introduction: Mutations more significant to be included in the GIQ model are the following: L10F/I/V, K20M/R, L24I, D30N, V32I, L33F, M36I/L, I47V/A, G48V, I50V, I50L, F53L, I54V/L/A/M/T/S, L63P, A71V/T, G73S, V77I, V82A/F/T, I84V, N88D/S and


  Genetic characterization of HIV-1 strains in Togo reveals a high genetic complexity and genotypic drug-resistance mutations in ARV naive patients.
 PMID: 19460333       2009       Infection, genetics and evolution
Abstract: A total of 8 patients harbored strains with mutations associated to drug resistance: L90M (n=1), K103N (n=1), T69N (n=1), T215S (n=1), M41L (n=4).


  Evolution and predictors of HIV type-1 drug resistance in patients failing combination antiretroviral therapy in Italy.
 PMID: 19474470       2009       Antiviral therapy
Abstract: There was an increase of type-1 thymidine analogue and of protease mutations L33F, I47A/V, I50V and I54L/M, whereas L90M decreased over calendar years.


  Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance among acute and recent HIV infections in North Carolina from 1998 to 2007.
 PMID: 19704170       2009       Antiviral therapy
Abstract: Thymidine analogue mutations were found in 4.7% of samples; the most common PI SDRM was L90M (2.4%).
Result: For PIs, L90M appeared most often (n=6), followed by I84V (n=3).


  Minority variants associated with transmitted and acquired HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance: implications for the use of second-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
 PMID: 19734799       2009       Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Result: The sample from PID 30062 - which contained four NRTI-resistance mutations - also had the following minority protease inhibitor (PI) resistance mutations: M46I (0.8%), I84V (0.9%), and L90M (0.9%) (data not shown).


  Five-year follow up of genotypic resistance patterns in HIV-1 subtype C infected patients in Botswana after failure of thymidine analogue-based regimens.
 PMID: 19852859       2009       Journal of the International AIDS Society
Abstract: The most frequent PI mutations involving resistance to NFV were L90M (25.2%) and D30N (16.2%), but mutations at positions K45Q and D30N were often observed in tandem (P = 60.5, J = 50; p = 0.002; Group 2) alongside Q61E in 42.8% of patients who received ZDV/3TC.


  Multiple independent origins of a protease inhibitor resistance mutation in salvage therapy patients.
 PMID: 18221530       2008       Retrovirology
Abstract: CONCLUSION: These results indicate that early L90M mutants can frequently be displaced by viruses carrying independently selected L90M mutations rather than by descendents of the earlier mutants.
Abstract: RESULTS: Using L90M allele specific PCR we amplified and sequenced gag-pro regions linked to very early L90M containing HIV variants prior to their emergence and detection as dominant viruses in 15 failed salvage therapy patients.
Abstract: The early minority L90M linked sequences were then compared to those of the later L90M viruses that came to dominate the plasma quasispecies.


  Rapid and accurate prediction of binding free energies for saquinavir-bound HIV-1 proteases.
 PMID: 18225901       2008       Journal of the American Chemical Society
Abstract: A detailed analysis of the enthalpic/entropic balance of drug-protease interactions explains resistance in L90M in terms of a higher vibrational entropy than in the WT complex, while G48V disrupts critical hydrogen bonds at the inhibitor's binding site and produces an altered, more unfavorable balance of Coulomb and polar desolvation energies.
Abstract: Herein we report an application of the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) technique to the ranking of binding affinities of the inhibitor saquinavir with the wild type (WT) and three resistant mutants of HIV-1 protease: L90M, G48V, and G48V/L90M.


  Genotypic resistance profile and clinical progression of treatment-experienced HIV type 1-infected patients with virological failure.
 PMID: 18240962       2008       AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: In multivariable models adjusting for prior AIDS, baseline CD4 counts, HIV-1 RNA, and calendar year, viral resistance variables associated with increased hazards of clinical progression were the presence of reverse transcriptase substitution T215F (p = 0.002) and the presence of three or more protease substitutions among L33F/I/V, V82A/F/L/T, I84V, and L90M (p = 0.003).


  Trend of drug-resistant HIV type 1 emergence among therapy-naive patients in Nagoya, Japan: an 8-year surveillance from 1999 to 2006.
 PMID: 18275342       2008       AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: The 402 viruses were phylogenetically analyzed, revealing three independent clusters comprising PI-resistant variants with the M46I or L90M mutation, NNRTI-resistant variants with the K103N mutation, and 215-revertant variants.



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