Phenotypic characterization of virological failure following lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy using full-length Gag-protease genes.
PMID: 25096075
2014
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Result: A number of protease polymorphisms were present both at baseline and time of treatment failure: I13V, K14R, K20I, E35Q, M36I, R41K, R57K, Q61N, C67E, H69K, V82I and L89M (Table S1).
HIV-1 pol diversity among female bar and hotel workers in Northern Tanzania.
Result: The most frequent polymorphisms were seen at positions M36I (81%), H69K (86%), L89M (74%), and I93L (62%).
Discussion: H69K (86%), M36I (81%), L89M (74%), and I93L (62%) were considered to be subtype-specific natural polymorphisms since they occur at high frequency in HIV-1 subtypes A1, C or D.
HIV-1 drug resistance-associated mutations among antiretroviral-naive Thai patients with chronic HIV-1 infection.
Abstract: Minor DRAMs to PIs including I13V, M36I, H69K, and L89M were observed more frequently in CRF_01 AE.
Transmission patterns of HIV-subtypes A/AE versus B: inferring risk-behavior trends and treatment-efficacy limitations from viral genotypic data obtained prior to and during antiretroviral therapy.
Result: The latter differed significantly in the frequencies of the major resistance RT mutations T215FY and K219QE (NRTI) and of several secondary/accessory mutations, including: the protease mutations I13V, M36I, I62V, L63P, A71V, V77I, L89M and I93L (Table 6) and the RT mutations A98S, K101N, K103R and V179I (Table 5).
Discussion: the
Transmitted HIV drug resistance in treatment-naive Romanian patients.
Result: The most common accessory PI resistance mutations found were M36I (56/61 patients) and R41K (56/61 patients), followed by mutations L89M (51/61), I15V (50/61), and L63T (41/61).
Emergence of drug resistance-associated mutations in HIV-1 subtype C protease gene in north India.
Abstract: Approximately 70% polymorphisms as minor mutations were observed in protease gene, of which 14 distinct amino acids changes were linked to partial DR such as G16E, K20R, M36I, D60E, I62V, L63P, I64M, H69K, T74A/S, V77I, V82I, I85V, L89M, and I93L.
HIV-1 drug resistance in recently HIV-infected pregnant mother's naive to antiretroviral therapy in Dodoma urban, Tanzania.
Result: Interestingly, L89M protease polymorphism (potentially associated with resistance to fosamprenavir, and to a lesser extent to darunavir and lopinavir) was commonly detected with a 76.1% prevalence, equally distributed in all different non-B clades.
Discussion: Nevertheless, the 76.1% prevalence of the L89M protease polymorphism raises concern.
Discussion: The L89M mutation increases the catalytic efficiency and vitality of the HIV-1 protease gene in the presence of other protease mutations in non-B African viral subtypes and can determine a low accumulation of primary protease mutations in non-B subtypes.
Characterization of protease resistance-associated mutations in HIV type 1 drug-naive patients following the increasing prevalence of the CRF02_AG strain in Morocco.
PMID: 22145994
2012
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: These results support the importance of transmitted drug resistance mutations (M36I/L, H69K, and L89M) in the protease gene of HIV-1 CRF02_AG isolates.
Abstract: When compared to the B subtype, patients with the CRF02_AG strain had a significantly higher prevalence of mutations associated with resistance to some antiprotease drugs, mainly tipranavir (TPV): H69K (97% vs. 5%; p<0.0001), L89M (95% vs. 1%; p<0.0001), and M36I/L (93% vs. 44%; p<0.0001).
The role of polymorphisms at position 89 in the HIV-1 protease gene in the development of drug resistance to HIV-1 protease inhibitors.
PMID: 22315096
2012
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Abstract: A shift from a L89 natural polymorphism to L89I/M arose in two of five subtype C selections with PIs.
Characterization of HIV type 1 subtype C protease gene: selection of L63P mutation in protease inhibitor-naive Indian patients.
PMID: 21453185
2011
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: Selection of T12S, I15V, L19I, M36I, R41K, H69K, L89M, and I93L was observed both in global and Indian subtype C while the L63P mutation was selected in Indian PR sequences.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2014
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
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