Abstract: One major DRM (L44 M), many secondary DRMs (including N126 K, E137 K, S138A), and lots of polymorphisms were found in the study, which have been proved to elevate resistance to ENF.
Polymorphisms in the HIV-1 gp41 env gene, natural resistance to enfuvirtide (T-20) and pol resistance among pregnant Brazilian women.
Abstract: The frequency of natural resistance to T-20 (N42D, L44M, and R46M-low-impact mutations) was 6.1% (6/98); 20.4% (20/98) had compensatory mutations in HR2.
Characterization of Gp41 polymorphisms in the fusion peptide domain and T-20 (Enfuvirtide) resistance-associated regions in Korean HIV-1 isolates.
PMID: 24616600
2014
Journal of Korean medical science
Introduction: T-20 can restrict HIV-1 replication in an efficient manner, but several T-20 resistance mutations have been reported in HR1 as follows: G36D/S, I37V, V38A/M/E, Q39R, Q40H, N42S/T/D/E, N43D/K/S, L44M, L45M, G36S/L44M, G36S/V38M, V38A/N42D, V38A/N42T, V38E/N42S, N42T
Molecular dynamics studies of the inhibitor C34 binding to the wild-type and mutant HIV-1 gp41: inhibitory and drug resistant mechanism.
Introduction: Now, many mutations are identified, single mutations like G36D/S, V38A/M, Q40H, N42S/T/D/E, N43D/K/S, L44M and L45M have been generally showed to reduce the sensitivity of ENF.
Mechanism of resistance to S138A substituted enfuvirtide and its application to peptide design.
PMID: 23357451
2013
The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology
Discussion: In this study, L44M di
Discussion: Selection of T-20S138A-resistance starting with wild-type HIV-1 resulted in the emergence of I37N and L44M substitutions, which were located in the N-HR region that is thought to interact with T-20.
Discussion: The L44M mutation has only been observed in subtype B HIV-1-infected patients treated with T-20, and conferred weak resistance to T-20.
Discussion: When we selected T-20S138A-resistant HIV-1 (HIV-1N43D/S138A) we obtained a somehow different set of mutations that included L33S, which is located at the presumed T-20 binding site at N-HR, as well as I37N, N43D, and L44M.
HIV type 1 molecular epidemiology in pol and gp41 genes among naive patients from Mato Grosso do Sul State, central western Brazil.
PMID: 21790471
2012
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: T-20/gp41 resistance mutations were L44M (n=2) and V38A (n=1).
Impact of the HIV-1 env genetic context outside HR1-HR2 on resistance to the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide and viral infectivity in clinical isolates.
Result: At later time points, only the V38A mutation was detected associated with the L44M resistance mutation.
Short communication: high polymorphism rates in the HR1 and HR2 gp41 and presence of primary resistance-related mutations in HIV type 1 circulating in Brazil: possible impact on enfuvirtide efficacy.
PMID: 20334566
2010
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: Other polymorphisms frequently detected were E137K (10% and 13.8%), L130I (8.8% and 9.2%), S129N (6.3% and 10.8%), L44M (2.5% and 4.6%), S138A (2.5% and 1.5%), and N43K (1.3% and 0%) in DNA and RNA, respectively.
Abstract: We detected mutations related to enfuvirtide resistance (L44M or N43K) in HR1 DNA samples from three individuals (3.8%) and RNA samples from three individuals (4.6%).
Genetic analysis of HIV type 1 strains from newly infected untreated patients in cyprus: high genetic diversity and low prevalence of drug resistance.
PMID: 19182918
2009
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: Additionally, one patient (2.7%) had an L44M amino acid substitution within the HR1 region of gp41 conferring resistance to the enfuvirtide (T20) fusion inhibitor.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp 41 mutations in proviral DNA among antiretroviral treatment-naive individuals from India.
PMID: 19400735
2009
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: In subtype B-infected individuals, the various HR1 region substitutions in env gp41 that have been associated with ENF resistance include A30V, L33S/T/V, L34M, G36D/E/S/V, I37T/K/V, V38A/M/E/G, Q39R, Q40H, N42T/D, N43D/K/S, L44M, L45M, R46M, L54M, and Q56K/R as well as N126K and
HIV mutation literature information.
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2021
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