Abstract: BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated in vitro that zidovudine (AZT) selects for A371V in the connection domain and Q509L in ribonuclease H (RNase H) domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) which, together with the thymidine analog mutations D67N, K70R and T215F, confer greater than 100-fold AZT resistance.
Abstract: Mutations significantly associated with AZT monotherapy included K70R (p = 0.003) and T215Y (p = 0.013) in the polymerase domain of HIV-1 RT, and A360V (p = 0.041) in the connection domain of HIV-1 RT.
Resu
Emergence of minor drug-resistant HIV-1 variants after triple antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of vertical HIV-1 transmission.
Discussion: 7/11 women with HIV-1 carrying AZT-selected mutants displayed the K70R mutation in proportions of 3%-28%, whereas T215Y/F-carrying virus was harbored in lower proportions of 0.5%-3.9% by four women.
Discussion: However, population-based sequencing, detecting minor variants in proportions only above 20%, revealed AZT-resistance mutations (K70R) in HIV-1 of only 4 women (8%).
Discussion: In fact, the K70R mutation is considered to be an early AZT mutation and indicates the emergence of AZT-resistance followed by M41L, T215Y/F and L210W.
Discussion: It is important to note that the K70R mutation affecting HIV-1 of 7/50 (14%)
Low prevalence of transmitted drug resistance in patients newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection in Sweden 2003-2010.
Discussion: The group found H221Y was strongly associated with the use of NVP and showed positive interactions with Y181C and was also negatively associated with the use of ZDV and with TAMs (particularly TAMs-2, such as D67N, K70R, K219Q/E, and T215F) and was then associated with an increased susceptibility to ZDV.
Transmitted drug resistance and phylogenetic relationships among acute and early HIV-1-infected individuals in New York City.
PMID: 22592583
2012
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
4Method: ARV resistance was defined by mutations at the following positions: M41L, A62V, K65R, D67N, T69ins, K70R, L74VI, Y115F, F116Y, Q151M, M184VI, T210W, T215YF and K219QE for Result: D67N(P=0.03), K70R(P=0.06), M184V(P=0.11), L210W(P=0.11), and K219Q(P=0.02) decreased during the study period.
Prevalence of Drug Resistance and Associated Mutations in a Population of HIV-1(+) Puerto Ricans: 2006-2010.
Result: Statistically significant differences between men and women were observed for K70R (P = 0.04) and K219Q (P = 0.03) in 2006, K103N (P = 0.02) in 2007, K219E (P = 0.03) in 2009 (data not shown), and V118I (P = 0.03) in 2010.
Discussion: The statistically significant results for the reverse transcriptase mutation K70R have been noted for 2003 and 2006, while gender differences for K103N were observed in 2005 and 2007.
K65R in subtype C HIV-1 isolates from patients failing on a first-line regimen including d4T or AZT: comparison of Sanger and UDP sequencing data.
Method: Positions studied were codon 65 and codon 70, which was chosen as a TAM position in NRTI-treated patients leading to K70R, because it has been frequently observed in the studied isolates and because 70R is considered to be a DRM and not at all a substitution potentially related to polymorphism.
Result: K70R was <0.4% by UDPS in all isolates from naive patients.
Result: K70R with UDPS ranged from <0.4% to 100%.
Result: Eight samples exhibited K70R with Sanger and the corresponding UDPS values ranged from 34.50 to 100%.
Result: Regarding positions 70 found not to have the K70R mutation with Sanger (19), all of them were <0.4% for 70R by UDPS except two samples (470 and 489 with values of 1.80 and 4.40% respectively).
Table:
Assessing subtypes and drug resistance mutations among HIV-1 infected children who failed antiretroviral therapy in Kelantan, Malaysia.
PMID: 22729198
2012
The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases
Abstract: The most prevalent RT mutations were T215F/V/Y (66.7%), D67G/N (55.6%), K219Q/E/R (44.4%), M184V/I (38.9%), K70R/E (27.8%) and M41L (27.8%), associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) resistance; and K103N (55.6%), G190A (33.3%), and K101P/E/H (27.8%) associated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) resistance.
Connection domain mutations during antiretroviral treatment failure in Mali: frequencies and impact on reverse transcriptase inhibitor activity.
PMID: 22828721
2012
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Method: Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) were defined as M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, K219E/Q.
Clinical, virological and biochemical evidence supporting the association of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase polymorphism R284K and thymidine analogue resistance mutations M41L, L210W and T215Y in patients failing tenofovir/emtricitabine therapy.
Introduction: However, combinations of M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y and K219E/Q increase ATP-mediated excision of chain-terminating NRTIs (reviewed in ref.).
Introduction: Sequence analysis of HIV-1 isolates from patients receiving long-term therapy with AZT and/or d4T revealed that thymidine analogue resistance mutations (TAMs) acting through the excision mechanism associated in two different clusters: TAM1 (M41L, L210W and T215Y) and TAM2 (D67N, K70R, K219E/Q, and sometimes T215F).
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2012
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