Mechanistic basis of zidovudine hypersusceptibility and lamivudine resistance conferred by the deletion of codon 69 in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase coding region.
Abstract: Common mutational patterns involve the deletion of Asp67 (Delta 67) and mutations such as K70R and T215F or T215Y, or the deletion of Thr69 (Delta 69) and mutations of the Q151M complex.
Minority HIV-1 drug resistance mutations are present in antiretroviral treatment-naive populations and associate with reduced treatment efficacy.
Abstract: Eight validated real-time PCR-based assays were used to test for minority drug resistance mutations (protease L90M and reverse transcriptase M41L, K70R, K103N, Y181C, M184V, and T215F/Y) above naturally occurring frequencies.
Result: As was seen with the wild-type virus group, the TAMs M41L and K70R were the most common low-frequency mutations.
Result: Four samples (2% overall) had the following mutations to two drug classes: L90M+M184V, L90M+Y1
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase connection subdomain mutations reduce template RNA degradation and enhance AZT excision.
Abstract: To test the predictions of this model, we analyzed the effects of previously identified cn mutations in combination with thymidine analog mutations (D67N, K70R, T215Y, and K219Q) on in vitro RNase H activity and AZT monophosphate (AZTMP) excision.
HIV drug resistance pattern among HAART-exposed patients with suboptimal virological response in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
PMID: 18667925
2008
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Abstract: Some resistance mutations, notably D67N/G, K70R and L210W (thymidine analogue mutations-TAMs); K101E, V179E in RT, 154V, V82A/T/F and L90M in PR were significantly higher among CRF06_cpx than CRF02_AG strains (P < 0.05).
HIV type 1 subtype C drug resistance among pediatric and adult South African patients failing antiretroviral therapy.
PMID: 19000027
2008
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: Ninety-one percent of patients harbored resistance mutations; the most frequent NRTI mutations were M184V/I (37%), D67N (32%), T215Y/F (25%), K70R (21%), M41L (20%), K219Q/E (14%), and K65R (14%), reflecting the frequent use of lamuvidine and zidovudine.
Silent mutations are selected in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and affect enzymatic efficiency.
Abstract: Steady-state kinetic experiments demonstrated that HIV-1 reverse transcriptase exhibited a strong tendency to pause and/or dissociate at codons 65 and 66 on RNA templates that contained the D67N and K70R mutations.
Introduction: By contrast, the mutations M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y and K219Q/E - typically referred to as thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) - augment the ability of HIV-1 RT to excise the chain-terminating NRTI-monophosphate from a prematurely terminated DNA chain.
Abstract: In the current study, we have defined the mechanism by which Q509L
Result: By comparison, TAMs, which include M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, and K219Q/E, increase the ability of HIV-1 RT to excise a chain-terminating NRTI-monophosphate (NRTI-MP) from a DNA chain.
Result: The enzymes included in this study were WT RT, D67N/K70R/T215F (AZTR) RT, and AZTR/Q509L RT.
[Research on the selective kinetics of HIV-1 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug resistance-associated mutations among 4 AIDS patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy].
PMID: 19103117
2008
Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi
Abstract: Interestingly, in patient 'C', some clones comprising not only TAMs pattern 1 mutations (T215Y) but also TAMs pattern 2 mutations (K70R, D67N).
Abstract: TAMs pattern 2, including D67N, K70R and K219Q mutations, was discovered in patient 'B'.
Emergence of antiretroviral drug resistance in therapy-naive HIV infected patients in Hungary.
PMID: 19130746
2008
Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica
Abstract: Viral variants harbouring resistance mutations such as: M41, T69R, K70R, M184V, T215Y in the pol gene were detected in 14% of the subjects.
Mutational patterns associated with the 69 insertion complex in multi-drug-resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase that confer increased excision activity and high-level resistance to zidovudine.
Abstract: Further studies, using recombinant RTs obtained by site-directed mutagenesis, revealed that M41L, A62V and in a lesser extent K70R, were the key mutations that together with T69S, T215Y and the dipeptide insertion conferred high levels of ATP-dependent phosphorolytic activity on AZT and d4T-terminated primers.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2008
Journal of molecular biology
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