Result: Thymidine analogues mutations (TAMs), selected mostly by ZDV and d4T, were prevalent (6/9; 66.66%), with type II TAMs being more frequently detected (4/9; 44.44%): K70R and K219Q (each in three cases), D67N and T215F (each in two cases).
Evaluation of WHO immunologic criteria for treatment failure: implications for detection of virologic failure, evolution of drug resistance and choice of second-line therapy in India.
PMID: 23735817
2013
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Method: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) mutations included in this analysis were as follows: M184V, M184I and M184V/I for lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC) resistance; K65R and K70E, associated with tenofovir (TDF) resistance; thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y, T215F, K219Q, and K219 E, associated with resistance to multiple NRTIs; and multinucleoside mutations, including the
Hypersusceptibility mechanism of Tenofovir-resistant HIV to EFdA.
Introduction: The excision reaction is facilitated by Excision Enhancement Mutations (EEMs), typically M41L, D67N, K70R, T215Y/F, L210W, and K219E/Q, which are also known as Thymidine Associated Mutations (TAMs) because they were historically linked to resistance to thymidine analogs AZT and d4T.
Prevalence of drug resistance mutations and HIV type 1 subtypes in an HIV type 1-infected cohort in rural Tanzania.
PMID: 23806135
2013
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: The prevalence of major DR-SNPs in 2005-2007 in the RT gene was determined: K103N (5.0%), Y181C (2.5%), M184V (2.5%), and G190A (1.7%), and M41L, K65KR, K70KR, and L74LV (0.8%).
Comparisons of Primary HIV-1 Drug Resistance between Recent and Chronic HIV-1 Infection within a Sub-Regional Cohort of Asian Patients.
Abstract: K70R (p = 0.016) and M46I (p = 0.026) were found more frequently among recently infected patients.
Result: Higher frequencies of K70R (p = 0.016) and M46I (p = 0.026) were present among patients with recent HIV-1 infection; there were no statistically significant differences in the frequencies of other RAMs.
Discussion: Previous studies also have shown that K70R has been one of the most common RAMs observed among ART-naive patients, and is consistent with the widespread use of zidovudine and stavudine in the region.
Discussion: We also noted higher frequencies of K70R and M46I in patients with recent HIV-1 infection.
Evidence for biphasic uncoating during HIV-1 infection from a novel imaging assay.
Result: A quintuple mutant, Q67H/K70R/H87P/T107N/L111I, designated 5Mut and recently described as having a hyperstable capsid , showed stable vRNA for up to 75 minutes post-infection (Figure 6A).
Trends in Genotypic HIV-1 Antiretroviral Resistance between 2006 and 2012 in South African Patients Receiving First- and Second-Line Antiretroviral Treatment Regimens.
Method: Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) were defined as M41L, D67NG, K70R, L210W, T215YF, and K219QE.
Persistence of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance mutations.
PMID: 23904291
2013
The Journal of infectious diseases
Result: M41L was commonly observed and highly persistent (rate of loss 8 (95% CI, 4-15) per 100 PYFU), and a similar low rate of loss was seen for other TAMs (D67N, L210W, and K219Q/N); however, K70R appeared to be lost more quickly.
Table: K70R
Discussion: In a recent study of patients with acute/early infection all TAMs were combined for analysis, but we found marked variation within this group of mutations, with T215F/Y and K70R being lost more rapidly than other TAMs.
Discussion: They reported that at least 2 mutations (K70R and Y181C) could form self-sustaining transmission chains.
HIV-1 drug-resistance surveillance among treatment-experienced and -naive patients after the implementation of antiretroviral therapy in Ghana.
Simultaneous detection of major drug resistance mutations in the protease and reverse transcriptase genes for HIV-1 subtype C by use of a multiplex allele-specific assay.
PMID: 23985909
2013
Journal of clinical microbiology
Abstract: All the wild-type and mutant alleles were unequivocally distinguished with plasmid templates, and the limits of detection were 1.56% for K219Q and K219E, 3.13% for L76V, 6.25% for K65R, K70R, L74V, L100I, K103N, K103R, Q151M, Y181C, and I47V, and 12.5% for M41L, K101P, K101E, V106A, V106M, Y115F, M184V,
ViMRT
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2013
Journal of medical virology
