literature

Emergence of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations in mothers on treatment with a history of prophylaxis in Ghana.

PMID: 30223845 2018 Virology journal

Abstract: Thymidine Analogue Mutations (TAMs) such as M41 L, K70R and T215Y were found in all the groups; the most common of the TAMs found were M41 L and T215Y.

Discussion: Generally, it is known that mutations selected by TAMS confer resistance to internationally approved NRTIs; examples of such TAMS encountered in the study are M41 L, D67N, K70R, L210 W, T215Y/F and K219Q/E.

Discussion: However, in the other mothers in this group, M184 V occurred with Thymidine Analogue-Associated Mutations (

PMID: 30408827 2018 PloS one

Result: Less frequently observed were the mutations D67N (n = 8), K65R (n = 2) and K70R (n = 2).

Result: The M184V, K70R and K65R mutations induce high level resistance to NRTIs in recommended first-line regimen according to EACS (9.0).

Discussion: So far, resistance mutations selected by tenofovir and emtricitabine (K65R, K70R and M184V) have been rare (below 1%).

Research on the treatment effects and drug resistances of long-term second-line antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients from Henan Province in China.

PMID: 30442114 2018 BMC infectious diseases

Result: TAM (M41 L, K70R, L210 W, and Discussion: TDF was used in the second-line program; the mutations associated with resistance to TDF were K65R, TAM (M41 L, K70R, L210 W, T215F), D67N, K70E, and Y115F.

Discussion: The K65R mutation causes intermediate/high-level resistance to TDF; use of TAMs (M41 L, K70R, L210 W, T215F) can reduce TDF susceptibility and cause intermediate/low level resistance to TDF.

Acquisition of tenofovir-susceptible, emtricitabine-resistant HIV despite high adherence to daily pre-exposure prophylaxis: a case report.

PMID: 30503324 2018 The lancet. HIV

Introduction: In four of the five prior published cases of HIV acquisition despite high PrEP adherence, the virus demonstrated an M184V mutation in reverse transcriptase (RT) conferring resistance to FTC, and three of these viruses also had resistance mutations conferring reduced susceptibility to TDF (K70R or K65R) (Table 1).

The HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase A62V Mutation Influences Replication Fidelity and Viral Fitness in the Context of Multi-Drug-Resistant Mutations.

PMID: 30029500 2018 Viruses

Abstract: In particular, A62V was observed in various multi-dideoxynucleoside resistant (MDR) mutation complexes, including the Q151M complex (i.e., A62V, V75I, F77L, F116Y, and Q151M), and the T69SSS insertion complex, which has a serine-serine insertion between amino acid positions 69 and 70 (i.e., M41L, A62V, T69SSS, K70R, and T215Y).

Introduction: In particular, A62V is normally seen in different mutational arrangements, located mostly on the flexible beta3-beta4 loop region of the fingers sub-domain of

Molecular Antiretroviral Resistance Markers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 of CRF01_AE Subtype in Bali, Indonesia.

PMID: 30714528 2018 Current HIV research

Discussion: There are two clusters of TAMs; cluster 1 includes substitutions of M41L, L210W and T215Y, while cluster 2 of D67N, K70R, T125F and K219Q/E/N.

HIV-1 viraemia and drug resistance amongst female sex workers in Soweto, South Africa: A cross sectional study.

PMID: 29244809 2017 PloS one

Table: K70R

Virological response, HIV-1 drug resistance mutations and genetic diversity among patients on first-line antiretroviral therapy in N'Djamena, Chad: findings from a cross-sectional study.

PMID: 29126456 2017 BMC research notes

Abstract: Overall, 32% (37/116) patients presented >= one major drug resistant mutation(s), with 29% (34/116) to nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (67% [29/43] M184V/I, 30% [13/43] T215Y/F, 19% [8/43] V75A/F/I/L/M, 9% [4/43] K70P/R/W, 9% [4/43] Result: Out of the 43 sequences generated, the most prevalent DRMs were: (67% [29/43] M184V/I, 30% [13/43] T215Y/F, 19% [8/43] V75A/F/I/L/M, 9% [4/43] K70P/R/W, 9% [4/43] K219E/N/Q and 5% [2/43] A62V, followed by other DRMs observed at low rates.

Characterization of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Associated Mutations in the RNase H Region of HIV-1 Subtype C Infected Individuals.

PMID: 29117130 2017 Viruses

Result: A direct robust interaction was observed between treatment experience (eRT) and known NRTI-elicited mutations M184I/V and K70E/R.

Result: The most frequently observed reverse transcriptase (RT) drug resistance mutations in NRTI-experienced patients were M184I/V (64.2%), D67N (25.9%), K70R (19.6%), K219Q/E (17.9%) and T215Y/F (13.4%).

Gag P2/NC and pol genetic diversity, polymorphism, and drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 CRF02_AG- and non-CRF02_AG-infected patients in Yaounde, Cameroon.

PMID: 29074854 2017 Scientific reports

Discussion: In addition to the resistance mutations to NRTIs (M184V and the TAM T215F) and NNRTIs (L100I, Y181C, K103N, V108I, and Y188L) observed in naive subjects, these subjects on ART also had the TAMs D67N, K70R, and K219Q; and 9 of those 11 subjects had major resistance mutations to both NRTIs and NNRTIs.

Discussion: The TAMs T215F, D67N, K70R, and K219Q<