Result: Specific NRTI mutations that were accurately reproduced include K65R, Q151M, and T215Y, while mutations M41L and M184V are slightly underestimated, compared to previous studies.
Human APOBEC3G-mediated hypermutation is associated with antiretroviral therapy failure in HIV-1 subtype C-infected individuals.
PMID: 23443042
2013
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Result: M184V and T215Y/F were observed in plasma only in six and three patients, respectively, while M41L and K65R were observed in one patient each in provirus only.
Altered error specificity of RNase H-deficient HIV-1 reverse transcriptases during DNA-dependent DNA synthesis.
Discussion: K65R, L74V, Q151N and M184I) have a relatively minor impact on error distribution, with frameshifts occurring mostly at nucleotide runs.
Transmission patterns of HIV-subtypes A/AE versus B: inferring risk-behavior trends and treatment-efficacy limitations from viral genotypic data obtained prior to and during antiretroviral therapy.
Discussion: The trend is not surprising as diminution in TAMs under modern cART is attributed to the use of TDF and FTC instead of ZDV and 3TC, resulting in emergence of mainly K65R and M184V but not of TAMs.
Restriction fragment mass polymorphism (RFMP) analysis based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for detecting antiretroviral resistance in HIV-1 infected patients.
PMID: 23480551
2013
Clinical microbiology and infection
Abstract: The concordance rates between the RFMP and direct sequencing assays for the examined codons were 97% (K65R), 97% (T69Ins/D), 97% (L74VI), 97% (K103N), 96% (V106AM), 97% (Q151M), 97% (Y181C), 97% (M184VI) and 94% (T215YF) in the reverse transcriptase coding region, and 100% (D30N), 100% (M46I), 100% (G48V), 100% (I50V), 100% (I54LS), 99% (V82A), 99% (I84V) and 100% (L90M) in th
Identification and characterization of a novel HIV-1 nucleotide-competing reverse transcriptase inhibitor series.
PMID: 23545531
2013
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: Notably, viruses encoding K65R were hypersusceptible to inhibition by compound A.
Prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance among women screening for HIV prevention trials in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (MTN-009).
Abstract: Major mutations in reverse transcriptase included K65R(n = 1), L74I(n = 1), K103N(n = 19), V106M(n = 4), Y181C(n = 2), M184V(n = 4), and K219E/R(n = 2).
R
Table: K65R
Discussion: Several studies have indicated that K65R may be more readily selected in subtype C virus, or may be polymorphic at low frequencies.
Discussion: The frequency of K65R may change over time with increased tenofovir use for first-line HIV treatment.
Discussion: This may explain why the frequency of resistance with K65R was found to be low (<1%) in this study.
Prevalence of M184V and K65R in proviral DNA from PBMCs in HIV-infected youths with lamivudine/emtricitabine exposure.
PMID: 23633402
2013
The Journal of infectious diseases
Abstract: These findings highlight the need to closely monitor PrEP efficacy in areas with prevalent K65R.
Abstract: We investigated in macaques whether FTC/TDF prevents transmission of a tenofovir-resistant simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) containing the K65R mutation.
Simultaneous and sensitive detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) drug resistant genotypes by multiplex oligonucleotide ligation assay.
PMID: 23660583
2013
Journal of virological methods
Abstract: Known proportions of mutant and wild-type plasmids were used to optimize a multiplex OLA for detection of K103N, Y181C, K65R, and M184V in HIV subtypes B and C, and V106M and G190A in subtype C.
Method: Amplicons from plasmid controls and specimens were tested in duplicate by SPX- and MPX-OLA using validated HIV subtype B- and subtype C-specific probes for detection of drug-resistance mutations K65R, M184V, K103N, V106M, Y181C, and G190A.
Method: Indeterminate results in SPX-OLA were defined in this study as reactions with a mutant OD less than the 2% mut
Drug-resistance development differs between HIV-1-infected patients failing first-line antiretroviral therapy containing nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with and without thymidine analogues.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2013
PLoS computational biology
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