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 HIV mutation literature information.


  Prevalence of drug resistance mutations and HIV type 1 subtypes in an HIV type 1-infected cohort in rural Tanzania.
 PMID: 23806135       2013       AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: The prevalence of major DR-SNPs in 2005-2007 in the RT gene was determined: K103N (5.0%), Y181C (2.5%), M184V (2.5%), and G190A (1.7%), and M41L, K65KR, K70KR, and L74LV (0.8%).


  Trends in Genotypic HIV-1 Antiretroviral Resistance between 2006 and 2012 in South African Patients Receiving First- and Second-Line Antiretroviral Treatment Regimens.
 PMID: 23840622       2013       PloS one
Abstract: Compared with 720 recipients of a d4T or AZT-containing first-line regimen, the 153 recipients of a TDF-containing first-line regimen were more likely to have the RT mutations K65R (46% vs 4.0%; p<0.001), Y115F (10% vs. 0.6%; p<0.001), L74VI (8.5% vs. 1.8%; p<0.001), and K70EGQ (7.8% vs. 0.4%) and recipients of an ABC-containing first-line regimen were more likely to have K65R (17% vs 4.0%; p<0.001), Y115F (30% vs 0.6%; p<0.001), and L74VI (56% vs 1.8%; p<0.001).
Discussion: Among patients with virological failure on a first-line dual NRTI plus NNRTI regimen, a higher proportion of those who received TDF and/or A


  Persistence of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance mutations.
 PMID: 23904291       2013       The Journal of infectious diseases
Table: K65R


  Targeting of the purine biosynthesis host cell pathway enhances the activity of tenofovir against sensitive and drug-resistant HIV-1.
 PMID: 23922365       2013       The Journal of infectious diseases
Abstract: Moreover, the extensive use of ddI and d4T has led to high frequencies of the K65R mutation, further compromising TFV efficacy.


  In vitro cross-resistance profile of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) BMS-986001 against known NRTI resistance mutations.
 PMID: 23979732       2013       Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: In the site-directed mutagenesis studies, a virus containing a K65R substitution exhibited a 0.4-fold change in 50% effective concentration (EC50) versus the wild type, while the majority of viruses with the Q151M constellation (without M184V) exhibited changes in EC50 versus wild type of 0.23- to 0.48-fold.


  Simultaneous detection of major drug resistance mutations in the protease and reverse transcriptase genes for HIV-1 subtype C by use of a multiplex allele-specific assay.
 PMID: 23985909       2013       Journal of clinical microbiology
Abstract: All the wild-type and mutant alleles were unequivocally distinguished with plasmid templates, and the limits of detection were 1.56% for K219Q and K219E, 3.13% for L76V, 6.25% for K65R, K70R, L74V, L100I, K103N, K103R, Q151M, Y181C, and I47V, and 12.5% for M41L, K101P, K101E, V106A, V106M, Y115F, M184V,  PMID: 24009694       2013       PloS one
Table: K65R


  Increased risk of Q151M and K65R mutations in patients failing stavudine-containing first-line antiretroviral therapy in Cambodia.
 PMID: 24015311       2013       PloS one
Conclusion: In conclusion, our data suggests that the administration of d4T per se is associated with the emergence of both Q151M and K65R MNR mutations which confer resistance to a large range of NRTIs.
Result: Finally, the Q151M and K65R mutations were positively associated to each other.
Result: In multivariate analysis, besides higher HIV-1 RNA VL level, probably associated with longer duration of failure, we found that d4T-use remained independently associated with the presence of MNR mutations (either Q151M or K65R).


  Increasing trends in primary NNRTI resistance among newly HIV-1-diagnosed individuals in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
 PMID: 24093951       2013       Journal of the International AIDS Society
Method: Sequences were analyzed to identify mutations associated with reduced susceptibility to protease and RT inhibitors, as reported by the International AIDS Society-USA in 2010: RT-M41L, A62V, K65R, D67N, 69 insert, K70R, L74V,V75I, F77L, L100I, K101P, K103N, V106A, V106M, V108I, Y115F, F116Y,


  Effectiveness of first-line antiretroviral therapy and correlates of longitudinal changes in CD4 and viral load among HIV-infected children in Ghana.
 PMID: 24119088       2013       BMC infectious diseases
Table: K65R



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