Azvudine, a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor showed good drug combination features and better inhibition on drug-resistant strains than lamivudine in vitro.
Introduction: The M184V substitution is associated with high-level resistance to 3TC and K65R mutation confers intermediate to high-level resistance to the 3TC.
Discussion: In present study, no mutation of FNC or 3TC was found at K65R which is probably because of the short induction time.
Discussion: The most frequent RT mutations selected by 3TC were M184V and K65R and it will be interesting to determine whether in vitro selection assay also contains the K65R substitution.
Virological failure and HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among naive and antiretroviral pre-treated patients entering the ESTHER program of Calmette Hospital in Cambodia.
Abstract: Two (13.3%) pre-treated patients harbored viruses that showed a multi-nucleos(t)ide resistance including Q151M, K65R, E33A/D, E44A/D mutations.
Method: Multidrug resistance was defined as the presence of K65R, Q151M, or at least three TAMs.
Result: Multi-Nucleos(t)ide Resistance (MNR) were only observed in pre-treated patients, including 2 (13.3%) harboring Q151M, K65R, E33A/D, E44A/D mutations.
Result: Together with K65R, this mutation is associated with resistance to ddl, ABC, and TDF.
A uniquely prevalent nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutation in Russian subtype A HIV-1 viruses.
Result: One or more of the non-TAMs, K65R/N, L74V/I, and Y115F were present in 1.4% (n = 3), 26% (n = 16), and 9.2% (n = 8) of patients receiving thymidine-analog, nonthymidine-analog, and both thymidine-analog and nonthymidine-analog regimens.
Discussion: Although A62V alone does not reduce NRTI susceptibility, it is an accessory utation that frequently co-occurs with K65R and Q151M, mutations responsible for multi-NRTI resistance.
Discussion: By a different mechanism, subtype C viruses are predisposed to developing the NRTI-resistance mutation K65R.
Minority HIV-1 drug-resistant mutations and prevention of mother-to-child transmission: perspectives for resource-limited countries.
Method: The PS1 primer set produced a 547 bp amplicon that was used to detect M41L, Result: DR mutations were found at codons M41L (n = 22), K65R (n = 3), K70R (n = 10), K103N (n = 7), M184V (n = 21) and T215Y/F (n = 22) in 40 specimens (Table 2).
Abstract: This review focuses on K65 residue and summarizes a substantial body of biochemical and structural studies of its role in RT function and the functional consequences of the K65R mutation.
Figure: Comparison of binding of tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) and dATP to K65R RT dsDNA.
Figure: Schematic of dislocation mutagenesis and the development of the K65R mutation in subtype C HIV-1.
Figure: Shown is stacking of the guanidinium plane of Arg65 and guanidinium plane of Arg72 and adenine base in K65R RT dsDNA dATP (B) and K65R RT dsDNA TFV-DP (C) ternary structures.
Figure: Step 1: DNA synthesis approaches the end of a homopolymeric nt
Week 144 resistance analysis of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF versus atazanavir+ritonavir+emtricitabine/tenofovir DF in antiretroviral-naive patients.
Abstract: Emergent substitutions were E92Q, N155H, or Q148R (n = 2 each) and T66I or T97A (n = 1 each) in IN and M184V/I (n = 7) and K65R (n = 1) in RT.
Viral escape in the CNS with multidrug-resistant HIV-1.
PMID: 25397490
2014
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Abstract: The resistance testing of the CSF-HIV-1 RNA showed two NRTI resistance-associated mutations (M184V and K65R) and one NNRTI resistance-associated mutation (K103N).
Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in newly diagnosed HIV-1 positive patients in Turkey.
PMID: 25397495
2014
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Abstract: RESULTS: The patients had TDRMs to NRTIs (K65R, M184V), NNRTIs (K101E, K103N/S, G190A/E/S, Y181I/C, Y188H/L) and PIs (M46L, I54V, L76V, V82L/T, N83D, I84V, L90M).
HIV type 1 drug resistance patterns among patients failing first and second line antiretroviral therapy in Nairobi, Kenya.
Abstract: Eight (8) patients had NRTI resistance mutations with NAMS M184V (54.2%) and K65R (8.4%) mutations being the highest followed by TAMs T215Y and K70R (12.5%).
Result: The K65R mutation occurred in two patients without TAMs in combination with M184V mutations among those on TDF containing first-line drugs.
Table: K65R
Discussion: For instance, in this study, a K65R mutation was detected in two patients who were on TDF/ EFV treatment.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2014
PloS one
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