Virological failure and HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among naive and antiretroviral pre-treated patients entering the ESTHER program of Calmette Hospital in Cambodia.
Abstract: Two (13.3%) pre-treated patients harbored viruses that showed a multi-nucleos(t)ide resistance including Q151M, K65R, E33A/D, E44A/D mutations.
Method: Multidrug resistance was defined as the presence of K65R, Q151M, or at least three TAMs.
Result: Multi-Nucleos(t)ide Resistance (MNR) were only observed in pre-treated patients, including 2 (13.3%) harboring Q151M, K65R, E33A/D, E44A/D mutations.
Result: Together with K65R, this mutation is associated with resistance to ddl, ABC, and TDF.
A uniquely prevalent nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutation in Russian subtype A HIV-1 viruses.
Result: One or more of the non-TAMs, K65R/N, L74V/I, and Y115F were present in 1.4% (n = 3), 26% (n = 16), and 9.2% (n = 8) of patients receiving thymidine-analog, nonthymidine-analog, and both thymidine-analog and nonthymidine-analog regimens.
Discussion: Although A62V alone does not reduce NRTI susceptibility, it is an accessory utation that frequently co-occurs with K65R and Q151M, mutations responsible for multi-NRTI resistance.
Discussion: By a different mechanism, subtype C viruses are predisposed to developing the NRTI-resistance mutation K65R.
Minority HIV-1 drug-resistant mutations and prevention of mother-to-child transmission: perspectives for resource-limited countries.
Method: The PS1 primer set produced a 547 bp amplicon that was used to detect M41L, Result: DR mutations were found at codons M41L (n = 22), K65R (n = 3), K70R (n = 10), K103N (n = 7), M184V (n = 21) and T215Y/F (n = 22) in 40 specimens (Table 2).
Abstract: This review focuses on K65 residue and summarizes a substantial body of biochemical and structural studies of its role in RT function and the functional consequences of the K65R mutation.
Figure: Comparison of binding of tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) and dATP to K65R RT dsDNA.
Figure: Schematic of dislocation mutagenesis and the development of the K65R mutation in subtype C HIV-1.
Figure: Shown is stacking of the guanidinium plane of Arg65 and guanidinium plane of Arg72 and adenine base in K65R RT dsDNA dATP (B) and K65R RT dsDNA TFV-DP (C) ternary structures.
Figure: Step 1: DNA synthesis approaches the end of a homopolymeric nt
Week 144 resistance analysis of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF versus atazanavir+ritonavir+emtricitabine/tenofovir DF in antiretroviral-naive patients.
Abstract: Emergent substitutions were E92Q, N155H, or Q148R (n = 2 each) and T66I or T97A (n = 1 each) in IN and M184V/I (n = 7) and K65R (n = 1) in RT.
Viral escape in the CNS with multidrug-resistant HIV-1.
PMID: 25397490
2014
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Abstract: The resistance testing of the CSF-HIV-1 RNA showed two NRTI resistance-associated mutations (M184V and K65R) and one NNRTI resistance-associated mutation (K103N).
Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in newly diagnosed HIV-1 positive patients in Turkey.
PMID: 25397495
2014
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Abstract: RESULTS: The patients had TDRMs to NRTIs (K65R, M184V), NNRTIs (K101E, K103N/S, G190A/E/S, Y181I/C, Y188H/L) and PIs (M46L, I54V, L76V, V82L/T, N83D, I84V, L90M).
HIV type 1 drug resistance patterns among patients failing first and second line antiretroviral therapy in Nairobi, Kenya.
Abstract: Eight (8) patients had NRTI resistance mutations with NAMS M184V (54.2%) and K65R (8.4%) mutations being the highest followed by TAMs T215Y and K70R (12.5%).
Result: The K65R mutation occurred in two patients without TAMs in combination with M184V mutations among those on TDF containing first-line drugs.
Table: K65R
Discussion: For instance, in this study, a K65R mutation was detected in two patients who were on TDF/ EFV treatment.
Frequency of Antiretroviral Resistance Mutations among Infants Exposed to Single-Dose Nevirapine and Short Course Maternal Antiretroviral Regimens: ACTG A5207.
PMID: 26525108
2014
Journal of AIDS & clinical research
Abstract: Among the 2 infants with NRTI mutations, one (K70R) was likely maternally transmitted and one (K65R) occurred in the context of breastfeeding exposure to maternal antiretroviral therapy.
Method: Samples positi
Result: The presence of K65R was confirmed in this infant using allele-specific PCR (Table 1).
Result: The second infant had K65R detected at week 4, after 21 days of maternal study treatment with TDF/FTC; this infant was breast fed.
Discussion: One breast-fed infant had K65R detected at week 4, in the context of maternal treatment with 21 days of TDF/FTC.
Discussion: Presumably, this infant acquired a new K65R mutation after brief intrapartum and/or breastfeeding exposure to maternal study treatment.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2014
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