Discussion: Similarly, a singe clonal population containing both K103N and K65R was present only briefly during combination therapy.
Discussion: This animal subsequently failed combination therapy, at which time the virus population was characterized by the appearance of viruses with additional mutations, initially K65R (conferring TNF resistance) followed by a clonal subpopulation containing K103N and M184I (conferring FTC resistance), which rapidly became dominant.
Discussion: We hypothesize that the patterns observed reflect the relative population sizes of productively infected cells in these animals, with higher viremia in M03250 correlating with the presence and selection of multiple subpopulations of K103N variants by EFV monotherapy and the appearance of additional dru
Viremia, resuppression, and time to resistance in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) subtype C during first-line antiretroviral therapy in South Africa.
Discussion: Specific subtype drug resistance interactions have been described in other drug contexts, such as the more rapid selection of RT K65R on tenofovir in subtype C viruses and the low prevalence of nelfinavir-associated D30N in subtype C viruses, among others.
Genotypic HIV type-1 drug resistance among patients with immunological failure to first-line antiretroviral therapy in south India.
Result: K65R was only found among patients failing d4T-containing regimens in both the groups.
Result: Overall, 26% of patients in group A and 51%in group B had developed high-level NRTI cross-resistance in terms of coselecting TAMs, K65R and Q151M (Table 2).
Result: The frequency of K65R mutation was h
Discussion: Although subtype C isolates have been reported to have a higher tendency to develop K65R, by contrast, we observed a lower rate of K65R when compared with global reports, but a higher rate than that reported in India so far.
Discussion: Prior studies have also found K65R to be associated with patients failing a d4T-containing regimen, which is in line with the findings our study.
Progress in basic and clinical research on HIV resistance: report on the XVIII International HIV Drug Resistance Workshop.
Abstract: The XVIII workshop featured work on HIV type-1 (HIV-1) persistence, reservoirs and elimination strategies; resistance to HIV-1 entry inhibitors (including a comparison of genotyping versus phenotyping to determine HIV-1 coreceptor use before treatment with CCR5 antagonists); polymerase domain resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors (including hepatitis B virus and HIV-1 resistance to lamivudine, and emergence of the K65R mutation in HIV-1 subtypes B and C); connection and RNase H domain resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors (including the effect of mutations in those domains on response to efavirenz and etravirine); resistance to hepatitis C virus and HIV-1 protease inhibitors; resistance to the integrase inhibitor raltegravir; global resistance epidemiology (includi
HIV type 1 subtype diversity and drug resistance among HIV type 1-infected Kenyan patients initiating antiretroviral therapy.
PMID: 19954302
2009
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: Of these patients, three had nucleoside RTI resistance mutations, such as M184V, K65R, D67N, K70R, and K219Q.
The K65R mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: genetic barriers, resistance profile and clinical implications.
Abstract: Clinical studies have demonstrated an increased frequency of K65R in association with suboptimal d4T and ddI regimens, as well as nevirapine and its resistance mutations Y181C and G190A.
Abstract: In general, the K65R mutation is rarely selected (1.7-4%) with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), abacavir (ABC), didanosine (ddI), and stavudine (d4T), as compared with the high incidence (>40%) of thymidine analog mutations associated with zidovudine and d4T.
Abstract: Nevertheless, surprisingly high levels of treatment failures and K65R resistance may be associated with triple nucleoside analog regimens.
Abstract: Optimizing regimens may attenuate the emergence of K65R, leading to better long-term treatment management in different geographic settings.
Design and profiling of GS-9148, a novel nucleotide analog active against nucleoside-resistant variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and its orally bioavailable phosphonoamidate prodrug, GS-9131.
PMID: 18056282
2008
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: Notably, antiviral resistance analysis indicated that neither the K65R, L74V, or M184V RT mutation nor their combinations had any effect on the antiretroviral activity of GS-9148.
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of GS-9148 (2'-Fd4AP), a novel nucleoside phosphonate HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
Abstract: Unlike many clinical RT inhibitors, relevant reverse transcriptase mutants (M184V, K65R, 6-TAMs) maintain a susceptibility to 2'-Fd4AP that is similar to wild-type virus.
Identification of a novel resistance (E40F) and compensatory (K43E) substitution in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
Introduction: This mutation has an even higher association with NRTI treatment when compared to specific known drug-resistance mutations such as M41L, K219E and K65R (Stanford HIV Drug Resistance database).
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2009
Retrovirology
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