Method: In total, 94 of 100 samples from patients failing ARV treatment also carried HIV-1 NRTI resistane mutations including M184V (82%), K65R (35%), L74I (19%), M41L (17%) or D67N (17%).
Transcriptional inaccuracy threshold attenuates differences in RNA-dependent DNA synthesis fidelity between retroviral reverse transcriptases.
Abstract: An adapted version of the assay was used to obtain error rates of RNA-dependent DNA synthesis for several RTs, including wild-type HIV-1BH10, HIV-1ESP49, AMV and MLV RTs, and the high-fidelity mutants of HIV-1ESP49 RT K65R and K65R/V75I.
Abstract: Analysis of the RNA-dependent mutational spectra revealed a higher tendency to introduce large deletions at the initiation of reverse transcription by all HIV-1 RTs except the double-mutant K65R/V75I.
Discussion: For enzymes showing higher accuracy such as AMV RT, MLV RT and the mutant HIV-1ESP49 M184V and K65R in proviral DNA from PBMCs in HIV-infected youths with lamivudine/emtricitabine exposure.
PMID: 29084434
2018
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Introduction: As expected, patients failing AZT-based therapy did not develop mutations K65R, K70E, L74V, or Y115F, and only rarely were DRMs from the Q151M complex seen.
Introduction: Based on drug availability to the program, 3TC was prescribed more frequently in patients enrolling in the year 2008 and later, so a logistic regression model was used to determine whether year of ART start or time on treatment could explain the differences in the emergence of K65R.
Introduction: However, in the 31 patients with no Introduction: examined 167 Indian patients with immunological failure on TDF-based 1L regimen, all with subtype C infection, and found TAMs, some coexisting with K65R.
HIV drug resistance following a decade of the free antiretroviral therapy programme in India: A review.
PMID: 29128646
2018
International journal of infectious diseases
Abstract: The temporal trend analysis of individual DRM from sequences retrieved during 2004-2014 indicated a rising trend in K65R mutations (p=0.013).
Rates of virological suppression and drug resistance in adult HIV-1-positive patients attending primary healthcare facilities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
PMID: 28981637
2017
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Abstract: DRMs were detected in 89% of 123 specimens with VF, including M184I/V, K103N/S, K65N/R, V106A/M and Y181C.
Observed HIV drug resistance associated mutations amongst naive immunocompetent children in Yaounde, Cameroon.
Abstract: The observed mutations for NRTI were K65R, T215I and K219E (33.0% each) and for NNRTI: V106M, Y181C and Y188H (6.0% each).
Characterization of HIV Seroconverters in a TDF/FTC PrEP Study: HPTN 067/ADAPT.
PMID: 28328548
2017
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Introduction: M184I/V drug resistance mutations, which confer resistance to FTC, are seen more commonly in the setting of PrEP than the Result: This included two cases where participants had acute HIV infection at enrollment (Case 1: K65R was detected in 24.7% of sequences; Case 2: M184I was detected in 3.5% of sequences), and one case where the participant was randomized to the time-driven arm (Case 10: K65R was detected in 3.9% of sequences; M184I was detected in 62.3% of sequences).
Discussion: In two cases, resistance mutations were detected by NGS only; in the third case, one mutation was detected by routine HIV genotyping (M184I) and one was detected by NGS only (K65R).
Prevalence of M184V and K65R in proviral DNA from PBMCs in HIV-infected youths with lamivudine/emtricitabine exposure.
Abstract: Resistance selection experiments using HIV-1 isolates harboring pre-existing tenofovir (TFV)-resistance (K65R, 3TAMs, and Q151M complex) were carried out with the novel tenofovir prodrug tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) as well as with tenofovir (TFV), to investigate the potential for additional resistance development in the presence of TAF or TFV.
Surveillance of HIV-1 pol transmitted drug resistance in acutely and recently infected antiretroviral drug-naive persons in rural western Kenya.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2018
Antiviral chemistry & chemotherapy
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