Abstract: Although limited by the single-case nature, the data support a hypothesis that there is no HIV viral RNA or CD4+ T-cell count benefit of taking tenofovir for experienced patients with genotypic evidence of K65R/M184V.
Abstract: Here, we assessed the effect of tenofovir discontinuation for a patient receiving antiretroviral therapy whose HIV-1 had a dominant K65R/M184V genotype.
Abstract: In vitro, the reverse transcriptase mutation K65R can simultaneously reduce drug susceptibility, replicative capacity and restrict HIV-1 replication.
Prevalence of M184V and K65R in proviral DNA from PBMCs in HIV-infected youths with lamivudine/emtricitabine exposure.
PMID: 18838591
2008
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
1Abstract: Therefore, ZDV could be coformulated with these agents as a ""resistance
Abstract: In vitro selection studies and data from large genotype databases from clinical studies have demonstrated that tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and abacavir sulfate select for the K65R mutation in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 polymerase region.
Abstract: Studies performed in vitro and in humans suggest that viruses containing the K65R mutation remained susceptible to zidovudine (ZDV) and other thymine nucleoside antiretroviral agents.
Abstract: administration with K65R-selecting antiretroviral agents in virtual subjects using the population pharmacokinetic and cellular enzyme kinetic parameters of ZDV.
Abstract: is an efficacious and safe dose that could delay the emergence of the K65R mutation.
Evaluating the role of etravirine in the second-line antiretroviral therapy after failing an initial non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimen in a resource-limited setting.
Abstract: Patients with K65R (3.4% vs 17.9%, p=0.005), Q151M (5.9% vs 20.5%, p=0.012), and multi-NRTI resistance mutations (16.8% vs 48.7%, p<0.001) when compared to patients with >2 etravirine-RAMs.
HIV type 1 subtype C drug resistance among pediatric and adult South African patients failing antiretroviral therapy.
PMID: 19000027
2008
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: Ninety-one percent of patients harbored resistance mutations; the most frequent NRTI mutations were M184V/I (37%), D67N (32%), T215Y/F (25%), K70R (21%), M41L (20%), K219Q/E (14%), and K65R (14%), reflecting the frequent use of lamuvidine and zidovudine.
Silent mutations are selected in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and affect enzymatic efficiency.
Introduction: The K65R, K70E, L74V, Q151M and M184V mutations primarily increase the selectivity of RT for the incorporation of a natural dNTP substrate over a NRTI-triphosphate.
Result: Accordingly, we were also interested in the ability of RT enzymes conta
Discussion: Another unique feature of subtype C virus is that the K65R mutation which develops in subtype C is AGG, whereas in subtype B it is almost exclusively AGA (data not shown).
Discussion: There have been recent suggestions that silent mutations in the subtype C RT gene were responsible for the rapid selection of the K65R mutation.
Mechanism by which a glutamine to leucine substitution at residue 509 in the ribonuclease H domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase confers zidovudine resistance.
Result: The mutations K65R, K70E, L74V, Q151 M, and M184V increase the selectivity of RT for incorporation of the natural dNTP substrate versus the NRTI-triphosphate (NRTI-TP).
Role of genetic diversity amongst HIV-1 non-B subtypes in drug resistance: a systematic review of virologic and biochemical evidence.
Abstract: Mechanistic research explored resistance to the integrase inhibitor raltegravir, K65R-mediated resistance to tenofovir and the role of connection domain mutations in resistance to zidovudine.
Site-directed mutagenesis in the fingers subdomain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase reveals a specific role for the beta3-beta4 hairpin loop in dNTP selection.
Abstract: The K65A mutant behaved similarly to the deletion mutant displaying dependence on Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding, increased fidelity and reduced dNTP-binding, while the K65R was more akin to wild-type enzyme.
Abstract: Two substitution mutants, K65R and K65A were studied.
Molecular mechanism by which the K70E mutation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase confers resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
PMID: 17088490
2007
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: NRTI-TP discrimination by the K70E (and K65R) mutation was primarily due to decreased rates of NRTI-TP incorporation and not to changes in analog binding affinity.
Abstract: By comparison, K65R RT demonstrated 12.4-, 12.0-, and 13.1-fold-higher levels of resistance, respectively, toward the same analogs.
Abstract: Taken together, these findings indicate that the K70E mutation, like the K65R mutation, reduces susceptibility to NRTI by selectively decreasing NRTI-TP incorporation and is antagonistic to TAM-mediated nucleotide excision.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2008
Antiviral therapy
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