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 HIV mutation literature information.


  In vitro human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance selections with combinations of tenofovir and emtricitabine or abacavir and lamivudine.
 PMID: 16982781       2006       Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: Abacavir resistance was characterized by the accumulation of the M184V, Y115F, and K65R mutations in the abacavir culture, while the M184V and L74V mutations were selected in combination with lamivudine.
Abstract: At intermediate concentrations of emtricitabine and tenofovir, viruses harboring the K65R mutation or a novel K65N and K70R double mutation grew before they gave rise to mutants with K65R and M184V/I double mutations at higher emtricitabine concentrations.
Abstract: At low concentrations of emtricitabine and tenofovir, the M184I mutation appeared first, followed by the


  A rapid and sensitive real-time PCR assay for the K65R drug resistance mutation in SIV reverse transcriptase.
 PMID: 16989618       2006       AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: In testing longitudinal plasma specimens from four SIV-infected macaques that received an active daily regimen of 30 mg/kg of tenofovir subcutaneously, the assay was able to detect K65R-positive viruses in all animals within 1-7 weeks after treatment began.
Abstract: To have this capability, we developed a real-time PCR-based assay for the detection of the SIV K65R reverse transcriptase mutation, a key marker for reduced susceptibility to tenofovir.
Abstract: We propose the SIV K65R real-time PCR assay provides improved sensitivity and simplicity in studying tenofovir resistance in macaque models.


  MultiCode-RTx real-time PCR system for detection of subpopulations of K65R human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase mutant viruses in clinical samples.
 PMID: 17005757       2006       Journal of clinical microbiology
Abstract: We report a real-time PCR assay capable of detecting drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase K65R mutant virus at a level of 0.5% in polymorphic patient plasma specimens.


  Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine coformulation for once-daily dual NRTI backbone.
 PMID: 17009933       2006       Expert review of anti-infective therapy
Abstract: Resistance mutation K65R is selected for by tenofovir and confers a two- to fourfold reduced susceptibility to this drug.
Abstract: The incidence of K65R is low (3%) and has not been observed in clinical trials with the concomitant use of tenofovir and FTC.


  High prevalence of the K65R mutation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C isolates from infected patients in Botswana treated with didanosine-based regimens.
 PMID: 17015626       2006       Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: The K65R mutation was selected either alone or together with the Q151M, S68G, or F116Y substitution in viruses from seven such individuals.
Abstract: The results of in vitro passage experiments were consistent with an apparent increased propensity of subtype C viruses to develop the K65R substitution.


  Indolopyridones inhibit human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase with a novel mechanism of action.
 PMID: 17020946       2006       Journal of virology
Abstract: While INDOPY-1 susceptibility is unaffected by mutations associated with NNRTI or multidrug NRTI resistance, mutations M184V and Y115F are associated with decreased susceptibility, and mutation K65R confers hypersusceptibility to INDOPY-1.


  Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, and efavirenz versus fixed-dose zidovudine/lamivudine and efavirenz in antiretroviral-naive patients: virologic, immunologic, and morphologic changes--a 96-week analysis.
 PMID: 17057609       2006       Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Abstract: No patient developed the K65R mutation.


  Virologic response of zidovudine, lamivudine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combination in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients.
 PMID: 17057610       2006       Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Abstract: Six viral failures occurred, including 2 with K65R mutations (alone or associated with Y115F and M184V).


  Differential impact of thymidine analogue mutations on emtricitabine and lamivudine susceptibility.
 PMID: 17075395       2006       Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Abstract: For samples with K65R, L74I/V, or Q151M mutations, the phenotypic impact was similar, as the mean fold-change was not significantly different between drugs.


  Rate of virologic failure and selection of drug resistance mutations using different triple nucleos(t)ide analogue combinations in HIV-infected patients.
 PMID: 17209764       2006       AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: M184V was the most frequent resistance mutation (75.4%), followed by T215Y (52.5%) and K65R (14.8%).
Abstract: Conversely, subjects who developed K65R did not accumulate TAMs.
Abstract: Of note, K65R did not develop in patients taking AZT nor in those with prior thymidine-associated mutations (TAMs).



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