Result: M184 V (2.8%, 9/317) was the most prevalent NRTI associated mutation, followed by K65R (2.2%, 7/317).
Incidence and types of HIV-1 drug resistance mutation among patients failing first-line antiretroviral therapy.
PMID: 30928089
2019
Journal of pharmacological sciences
Abstract: RESULTS: 103 cases were successfully amplified, and the main drug resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase (RT) region were M184V (50.49%), K103N (28.16%), Y181C (25.24%), and K65R (27.18%), while no drug main resistance mutation was found in the protease (PR) region.
Two Coselected Distal Mutations in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) Alter Susceptibility to Nonnucleoside RT Inhibitors and Nucleoside Analogs.
Discussion: Most NRTI resistance mutations interfere with the incorporation of the NRTITP, either directly (e.g., M184V/I, which causes steric hindrance involving the oxathiolane ring of 3TCTP or FTCTP) or indirectly (e.g., K65R altering the ability of the RT to bind tenofovir relative to dATP).
In vitro evaluation of novel reverse transcriptase inhibitors TAF (tenofovir alafenamide) and OBP-601 (2,3-didehydro-3-deoxy-4-ethynylthymidine) against multi-drug resistant primary isolates of HIV-2.
Abstract: With one exception, all resistant viruses had canonical nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)-associated resistance mutations (K65R, N69S, V111I, Y115F, Q151M and M184V).
Trends in the Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Mechanisms of Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Drug Resistance in a Large US Clinic Population.
Abstract: The thymidine analogue mutations, M184V/I and the tenofovir-associated DRMs K65R and K70E/Q/G/N/T accounted for 82.9%, 7.3%, and 1.4% of NRTI-associated TDR, respectively.
Result: The non-TAMs K65R, L74V/I, Y115F, and Q151M each occurred in just 1 or 2 individuals.
Discussion: The rarity of K65R, other less common TDF-associated mutations, and the primary TAMs T215Y/F indicates that transmitted TDF resistance is unusual.
Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance in HIV patients with virologic failure of first-line therapy in the country of Georgia.
Abstract: K65R mutation remains below 20%, but given the high use of Tenofovir in the country, continuing surveillance of drug resistance is needed.
Abstract: The most frequent nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutations were M184V (65.3%), K65R (19.7%) and L74V (17.0%).
Predicted antiviral activity of tenofovir versus abacavir in combination with a cytosine analogue and the integrase inhibitor dolutegravir in HIV-1-infected South African patients initiating or failing first-line ART.
PMID: 30380053
2019
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Result: K65R was detected in 18/72 (25.0%) and 2/17 (11.8%) participants who were on a tenofovir- and stavudine-based regimen, respectively.
Result: Among NRTI DRMs, M184IV was the most prevalent (n = 36/104, 34.6%), followed by K65R (20/104, 19.2%) (Figure 1c).
Result: Notably, two additional K65R mutations were detected at the 5% as compared with the 20% variant threshold (Figure 1d).
Result: The K65R mutation was found in one participant (n = 1/11, 9.1%).
Result: When DRM5% were assessed, double the number of NRTI mutations were found (n = 22), mostly represented by K65R (n = 4/22, 18.2%) and the TAMs D67N and
HIV-1 drug resistance testing is essential for heavily-treated patients switching from first- to second-line regimens in resource-limited settings: evidence from routine clinical practice in Cameroon.
Abstract: As expected, K65R was related with TDF-exposure: 0% (0/55) in group-A, 22.72% (5/22) group-B, 4.17% (1/24) group-C (p = 0.0013).
Introduction: Of note, failure on TDF leads t
Result: TDF-mutation K65R was significantly associated with TDF-exposure: 0% in group-A, 22.7% (5/22) in group-B, 4.2% (1/24) in group-C (p = 0.0013).
Discussion: As expected, K65R was only found from the group of TDF-exposed patients (group-B).
Discussion: Of note, K65R is a mutation known to reverse the excision phenotype of AZT resistance mutations, to increase viral susceptibility to AZT, which in turns improves the clinical efficacy of AZT.
Discussion: This is due to the selection of DRMs (TAMs and/or K65R) following previous ART with a thymidine analogue- and subsequently with TDF-containing regimens.
Pretreatment HIV Drug Resistance and Virologic Outcomes to First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Peru.
PMID: 30560685
2019
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: Blood specimens from ARV-naive individuals were assessed for PDR to NNRTI-based ART by an oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) sensitive to 2% mutant within an individual's HIV quasispecies at reverse transcriptase codons M41L, K65R, K103N, Y181C, M184V, and G190A, and by Sanger consensus sequencing (CS).
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2019
Antiviral therapy
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