Result: The drug with the highest levels of resistance was Lamivudine (3TC), with 41% of the participants having the M184I and/or K65ER mutations.
High Rate of HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Antiretroviral Therapy-Failure Patients in Liaoning Province, China.
PMID: 35229630
2022
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: K65R (29.69%), M184V (28.52%) were the most common NRTIs resistance mutations.
Acquired HIV drug resistance mutations on first-line antiretroviral therapy in Southern Africa: Systematic review and Bayesian evidence synthesis.
PMID: 35192922
2022
Journal of clinical epidemiology
Abstract: With tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, the prevalence of the K65R mutation was 52.0% (95% CrI 32.5%-76.8%) at two years.
HIV-1-infection in a man who has sex with men despite self-reported excellent adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis, the Netherlands, August 2021: be alert to emtricitabine/tenofovir-resistant strain transmission.
Abstract: Sequencing identified resistance-associated mutations (RAM) M184V and K65R, conferring resistance to emtricitabine and tenofovir, and RAM V108I and E138A.
Discussion: A combination of RAM similar to those found in this case (M184V, K65R, V108I and E138A) has not been reported in PrEP users.
Discussion: Although theoretically possible, it is unlikely that the short-term and limited drug exposure was sufficient to select for both M184V and K65R, with only few M184V mutations, and even more rarely K65R, described in the literature.
Discussion: However
Prevalence of M184V and K65R in proviral DNA from PBMCs in HIV-infected youths with lamivudine/emtricitabine exposure.
PMID: 33734374
2021
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Abstract: METHODS: We included vertically HIV-infected youths/young adults aged >=10 years in the Madrid Cohort of HIV-1 Infected Children and Adolescents, exposed to lamivudine and/or emtricitabine, with M184V/I and/or K65R/E/N in historic plasma samples, on antiretroviral therapy (ART), virologically suppressed (HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL), and with available PBMCs in the Spanish HIV BioBank.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We analysed the prevalence of M184V/I and/or K65R/E/N mutations archived in proviral DNA (pDNA) in youths with perinatal HIV, virological control and who previously carried these resistance mutations in historic plasma samples.
Introduction: As a consequence, they have a higher risk of selecting and accumulating
High HIV-1 Virological Failure and Drug Resistance among Adult Patients Receiving First-Line ART for At least 12 Months at a Decentralized Urban HIV Clinic Setting in Senegal before the Test-and-Treat.
Result: For NRTIs, these were M184VI (55.6%), T215SNY (22.2%), and K65R (18.5%).
Result: Same for patients 310A, 1181A, and 309A who carried K65R and Y115F strains while on AZT.
Table: K65R
Discussion: Despite their small number, the 3 study patients with TAMs while on TDF and, another K65R and Y115F while on AZT hint that PDR to NRTI circulates in our study population.
Discussion: Tang et al in their meta-analysis found that NVP increases the risk of TAMs and K65R, which potentially confers high-level DR to AZT and TDF, respectively.
Temporal Trends in HIV-1 Mutations Used for the Surveillance of Transmitted Drug Resistance.
Method: Tenofovir-associated mutations were defined as A62V, K65R/N/E, S68G/N/D, T69 deletions, and K70E/Q/N/T/S/G.
Result: Five SDRMs increased in prevalence among NRTI-experienced persons including K65R, K70E, Y115F, and M184V/I.
Transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance in a large international cohort using next-generation sequencing: results from the Strategic Timing of Antiretroviral Treatment (START) study.
Result: Finally, the frequency of tenofovir resistance was estimated to be 1.3% at the 20% threshold, 1.6% at the 5% threshold, and 2.4% at the 2% threshold, despite the complete absence of the K65R mutation.
Result: Notably, the K65R mutation was not observed in any sample, even at the 2% threshold.
Nationwide Study of Drug Resistance Mutations in HIV-1 Infected Individuals under Antiretroviral Therapy in Brazil.
PMID: 34069929
2021
International journal of molecular sciences
Abstract: Additionally, artificial neural network-based immunoinformatic predictions suggest that K65R could enhance viral recognition by HLA-B27 that has relatively low prevalence in
Method: All sequences having the K65R were separated by subtype and used to query local and public databases to identify highly related HIV-1 sequences.
Method: Minimum spanning network analysis of the sequences identified in transmission clusters with more than one K65R mutant was performed with PHYLOViZ.
Method: Phylogenetic Analysis of K65R Sequences and Transmission Clusters.
Method: The wildtype sequence (NPYNTPVFAIKKKDSTKWRKLVD) and the sequence with the K65R mutation (NPYNTPVFAIKRKDSTKWRKLVD) were used to generate all possible peptides sequences overlapping position 65 and ranging from eight to 12 amino acids.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2022
PloS one
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