HIV-1-infection in a man who has sex with men despite self-reported excellent adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis, the Netherlands, August 2021: be alert to emtricitabine/tenofovir-resistant strain transmission.
Abstract: Sequencing identified resistance-associated mutations (RAM) M184V and K65R, conferring resistance to emtricitabine and tenofovir, and RAM V108I and E138A.
Discussion: A combination of RAM similar to those found in this case (M184V, K65R, V108I and E138A) has not been reported in PrEP users.
Discussion: Although theoretically possible, it is unlikely that the short-term and limited drug exposure was sufficient to select for both M184V and K65R, with only few M184V mutations, and even more rarely K65R, described in the literature.
Discussion: However
High Rate of HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Antiretroviral Therapy-Failure Patients in Liaoning Province, China.
PMID: 35229630
2022
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: K65R (29.69%), M184V (28.52%) were the most common NRTIs resistance mutations.
Comparing effectiveness of first-line antiretroviral therapy between peri-urban and rural clinics in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Result: The drug with the highest levels of resistance was Lamivudine (3TC), with 41% of the participants having the M184I and/or K65ER mutations.
Transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance in a large international cohort using next-generation sequencing: results from the Strategic Timing of Antiretroviral Treatment (START) study.
Result: Finally, the frequency of tenofovir resistance was estimated to be 1.3% at the 20% threshold, 1.6% at the 5% threshold, and 2.4% at the 2% threshold, despite the complete absence of the K65R mutation.
Result: Notably, the K65R mutation was not observed in any sample, even at the 2% threshold.
Switching to Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide in Adults With HIV and M184V/I Mutation.
PMID: 33315694
2021
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Method: Key exclusion criteria included presence of NRTI resistance mutations K65R, T69 insertion, K70E, or Q151M mutation complex and any primary integrase strand transfer inhibitor or protease inhibitor (PI) resistance mutations.
Long-term efficacy of dolutegravir plus lamivudine for maintenance of HIV viral suppression in adults with and without historical resistance to lamivudine: Week 96 results of ART-PRO pilot study.
PMID: 33200210
2021
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Abstract: Baseline proviral DNA NGS detected lamivudine RAMs (M184V/I and/or K65R/E/N) above a 5% threshold in 71.4% (15/21) and 15% (3/20) of participants with and without history of lamivudine resistance, respectively.
Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Mutations Among Pretreatment and Antiretroviral Therapy-Failure HIV Patients in Uzbekistan.
PMID: 32873061
2021
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: In ART-experienced patients, cohort II, 77.4% (82/106) of viruses contained at least one mutation against PIs, NRTIs, or NNRTIs, with the most common mutations of M184V/I (49.1%; 52/106), K65R (18.9%; 20/106), K103N (23.6%; 25/106), and G190S (22.6%; 24/106).
Temporal Trends in HIV-1 Mutations Used for the Surveillance of Transmitted Drug Resistance.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2022
Euro surveillance
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