Method: The following resistance mutations were scored: to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): M41L, K65R, D67N/G/E, T69D/insertion, K70R/E, L74V/I, V75M/T/A/S, F77L, Y115F, F116Y, Q151M, M184V/I, L210W, T215Y/F/I/S/C/D/V/E, K219Q/EN/R; to non-nucleoside revers
Standardized comparison of the relative impacts of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations on nucleoside RT inhibitor susceptibility.
PMID: 22330916
2012
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: In addition, the study contains new findings on the relative impacts of thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) on susceptibility to abacavir and tenofovir; the impacts of several known but incompletely characterized mutations, including E40F, V75T, Y115F, and K219R; and a tentative role in reduced NRTI susceptibility for K64H, a novel NRTI resistance mutation.
Drug resistance patterns and virus re-suppression among HIV-1 subtype C infected patients receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in South Africa.
PMID: 21927716
2011
Journal of AIDS & clinical research
Discussion: Among eight patients with TAMs, the most common pathway (seen in 6/8 patients) was TAM-2 related (D67N, K70R, K219Q/R/E); and the rest (2/8) were mixed with the TAM-1 pathway (M41L, L210W, T215Y) extending similar prior Southern African observations.
High prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance among patients on first-line antiretroviral treatment in Lome, Togo.
PMID: 21663632
2011
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Result: Two patients had virus mutations indicative of the TAM-1 profile (M41L, L210W, T215S), and two of the TAM-2 profile (D67N, K70R, T215F, K219Q/R/E).
Transmission of HIV drug resistance and non-B subtype distribution in the Spanish cohort of antiretroviral treatment naive HIV-infected individuals (CoRIS).
Abstract: The most prevalent resistance mutations were: T215 revertants (3.8%), D67NG (1.3%), K219QENR (1.2%) and M41L (1%), for NRTIs; K103N (3.2%), for NNRTIs; I54VLMSAT, M46I and L90M (0.7%), for PIs.
Correlation between resistance profile and immunosuppression in heavily treated HIV-1 infected Romanian patients.
PMID: 22180722
2011
Romanian biotechnological letters
Result: None of the patients presented K219N/R, the mutation that usually occurs in heavily NRTI treated patients, nor multi-nucleoside resistance, via the Q151 or the 68-69 pathway.
Transmitted drug resistance in the CFAR network of integrated clinical systems cohort: prevalence and effects on pre-therapy CD4 and viral load.
Abstract: We found that causal effect estimates of mutations M184V/I (-1.7 log10pVL) and D67N/G (-2.1[3 CD4] and 0.4 log10pVL) were compensated by K103N/S and K219Q/E/N/R.
Clinical and genotypic findings in HIV-infected patients with the K65R mutation failing first-line antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria.
PMID: 19644383
2009
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Result: Among the 13 patients on non-TDF ART, the following NRTI mutations were observed in association with the K65R mutation: Q151M, F77L, F116Y, V75I, M184V, K219R, T69del and S68G.
Result: Mutations that occurred significantly more commonly in patients on non-TDF ART than those on TDF containing ART included Q151M complex mutations (p <0.05), and the combination of K219R
Discussion: They included the Q151M complex, the T69 deletion, K219R and S68G mutations.
Antiretroviral drug susceptibility among drug-naive adults with recent HIV infection in Rakai, Uganda.
Abstract: Mutations used for genotypic surveillance of transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance were identified in six samples: three had nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) surveillance mutations (two had M41L, one had K219R), and three had protease inhibitor surveillance mutations (I47V, F53L, N88D); none had nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) surveillance mutations.
Result: Seven of the 104 samples (6.7%) had a mutation associated with NRTI resistance (one mutation in each sample: M41L (n = 2), E44D<
Identification of a novel resistance (E40F) and compensatory (K43E) substitution in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
Result: We also noted a positive association between K43E and amino acid changes E44A, V118I, H208Y, K219N/R and V75M (data not shown; p values were highly significant at an FDR level of 0.01 in all cases).
Discussion: The association of K43E with changes at these codons or H208Y, K219N/R and V75M changes may potentially involve a compensatory interaction, but further studies will be necessary to investigate this relationship.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2012
PloS one
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