Transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 carrying the D67N or K219Q/E mutation evolves rapidly to zidovudine resistance in vitro and shows a high replicative fitness in the presence of zidovudine.
Abstract: Both HXB2(D67N/K219Q) and HXB2(D67N) were more fit than HXB2(WT) in the presence of either low or high AZT concentrations, likely reflecting low-level resistance to AZT that is not detectable by phenotypic testing.
Abstract: Four site-directed mutants with D67N, K219Q, K219E, and D67N/K219Q were also made in HIV-1(HXB2).
Abstract: In the absence of AZT, the fitness cost conferred by D67N or K219Q was modest.
Abstract: In vitro selection of AZT resistance showed that viruses with D67N and/or K219Q/E acquired AZT resistance mutations more rapidly
Primary drug-resistance in HIV-positive patients on initiation of first-line antiretroviral therapy in Germany.
PMID: 15257882
2004
European journal of medical research
Phenotypic impact of HIV reverse transcriptase M184I/V mutations in combination with single thymidine analog mutations on nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance.
Abstract: HIV-1 variants containing amino acid substitutions within the coding region of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), such as the 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT)-resistant variant AZT-R (M41L/D67N/K70R/T215Y/K219Q) and a variant containing an insertion in the fingers domain (S69SGR70/T215Y), are resistant to the nucleoside RT inhibitor (NRTI) AZT because of an increase in the level of excision of AZT monophosphate (AZTMP) from the primer.
Long-term persistence of primary genotypic resistance after HIV-1 seroconversion.
PMID: 15577410
2004
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Abstract: By contrast, Y181C and K219Q in RT, occurring alone, disappeared within 25 and 9 months, respectively.
Dioxolane guanosine 5'-triphosphate, an alternative substrate inhibitor of wild-type and mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Steady state and pre-steady state kinetic analyses.
PMID: 12651859
2003
The Journal of biological chemistry
Abstract: In vitro, HIV-1 mutants resistant to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (M41L/D67N/K70R/T215Y/K219Q) and (-)beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC) (M184V) remain sensitive to DXG.
The Y181C substitution in 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus, type 1, reverse transcriptase suppresses the ATP-mediated repair of the 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate-terminated primer.
PMID: 12902345
2003
The Journal of biological chemistry
Abstract: Resistance to zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, AZT) by the human immunodeficiency virus, type 1, requires multiple amino acid substitutions such as D67N/K70R/T215F/K219Q in the viral reverse transcriptase (RT).
Non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibit phosphorolysis and resensitize the 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT)-resistant polymerase to AZT-5'-triphosphate.
PMID: 12917424
2003
The Journal of biological chemistry
Abstract: Here we compared wild type and AZT-resistant (D67N/K70R/T215Y/K219Q) RTs for their ability to unblock the AZTMP-terminated primer by phosphorolysis in the presence of physiological concentrations of pyrophosphate or ATP.
High incidence of non-B and recombinant HIV-1 strains in newly diagnosed patients in Galicia, Spain: study of genotypic resistance.
Abstract: Five of 85 patients (5.9%), all infected with B subtype viruses, showed resistance-associated mutations in RT (M184V, M41L, L210W, T215Y/D and K219Q).
Mutation patterns of the reverse transcriptase genes in HIV-1 infected patients receiving combinations of nucleoside and non nucleoside inhibitors.
PMID: 14522102
2003
International journal of antimicrobial agents
Abstract: The frequencies of T215S/Y/F, M41L, D67N, L210W K70R, K219Q mutations, detectable in plasma samples, conferring resistance to zidovudine were 61.2, 56.2, 36.2, 31.5, 27.5 and 17.5%, respectively.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2004
Journal of virology
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