literature

Simultaneous detection of major drug resistance mutations in the protease and reverse transcriptase genes for HIV-1 subtype C by use of a multiplex allele-specific assay.

PMID: 23985909 2013 Journal of clinical microbiology

Abstract: All the wild-type and mutant alleles were unequivocally distinguished with plasmid templates, and the limits of detection were 1.56% for K219Q and K219E, 3.13% for L76V, 6.25% for K65R, K70R, L74V, L100I, K103N, K103R, Q151M, Y181C, and I47V, and 12.5% for M41L, K101P, K101E, V106A, V106M, Y115F, M184V,

PMID: 24009694 2013 PloS one

Result: With the widespread use of AZT and d4T, the resistance mutations associated with these drugs, including K70R, T215F/Y and K219Q/E, were 4.5%, 6.8%, and 5.1%, respectively.

Table: K219Q/E

Increasing trends in primary NNRTI resistance among newly HIV-1-diagnosed individuals in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

PMID: 24093951 2013 Journal of the International AIDS Society

Method: Sequences were analyzed to identify mutations associated with reduced susceptibility to protease and RT inhibitors, as reported by the International AIDS Society-USA in 2010: RT-M41L, A62V, K65R, D67N, 69 insert, K70R, L74V,V75I, F77L, L100I, K101P, K103N, V106A, V106M, V108I, Y115

Table: K219Q

Effectiveness of first-line antiretroviral therapy and correlates of longitudinal changes in CD4 and viral load among HIV-infected children in Ghana.

PMID: 24119088 2013 BMC infectious diseases

Table: K219E/Q

Incidence and risk factors for first line anti retroviral treatment failure among Ugandan children attending an urban HIV clinic.

PMID: 24215971 2013 AIDS research and therapy

Result: Other common NRTI RAMs were the K70R (n = 22; 20%), T215Y (n = 36; 24%), M41L (n = 23; 21%), D67N (n = 15; 14%), K219Q/E (n = 14; 13%) and the L210W making 9% of the TAMs.

Biochemical, inhibition and inhibitor resistance studies of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus reverse transcriptase.

PMID: 21908397 2012 Nucleic acids research

Discussion: HIV-1 RTs containing the M41L, D67N, K70R, T215Y/F, K219E/Q mutations show enhanced removal of AZT.

Zidovudine (AZT) monotherapy selects for the A360V mutation in the connection domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

PMID: 22363673 2012 PloS one

Introduction: A second pattern includes D67N, K70R, T215F and K219Q/E (TAM-2 pathway).

Introduction: Resistance was conferred by mutations in the polymerase domain of RT that included D67N, K70R, T215Y/F and K219Q.

Result: Of note, the A360V

Emergence of minor drug-resistant HIV-1 variants after triple antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of vertical HIV-1 transmission.

PMID: 22384138 2012 PloS one

Result: We also checked population sequences for additional AZT/3TC/NVP-selected resistance mutations like M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F and K219QE for AZT, K65R for 3TC and L100I, K101P, V106A/M, V108I, Y188C/L/H and G190A for NVP.

Low prevalence of transmitted drug resistance in patients newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection in Sweden 2003-2010.

PMID: 22448246 2012 PloS one

Method: The following resistance mutations were scored: to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): M41L, K65R, D67N/G/E, T69D/insertion, K70R/E, L74V/I, V75M/T/A/S, F77L, Y115F, F116Y, Q151M, M184V/I, L210W, T215Y/F/I/S/C/D/V/E, K219Q/EN/R

Table: K219Q

Impact of Novel Resistance Profiles in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase on Phenotypic Resistance to NVP.

PMID: 22536497 2012 AIDS research and treatment

Discussion: The group found H221Y was strongly associated with the use of NVP and showed positive interactions with Y181C and was also negatively associated with the use of ZDV and with TAMs (particularly TAMs-2, such as D67N, K70R, K219Q/E, and T215F) and was then associated with an increased susceptibility to ZDV.