Epidemiological Surveillance of HIV-1 Transmitted Drug Resistance in Spain in 2004-2012: Relevance of Transmission Clusters in the Propagation of Resistance Mutations.
Result: Considering the 79 sequences with TDR to NRTIs, thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) were the most frequently detected, of which the most common were T215 revertants, present in 48 (60.7%) individuals, M41L in 20 (25.3%), K219Q/R/N/E in 19 (24%), L210W in 14 (17.7%), and D67N in 13.9%.
Discussion: The most frequent TDR mutations to NRTIs were revertant mutations at 215 position (215rev) (60.7%), followed by M41L (25.3%) and K219Q/R/N/E (24%).
AZT resistance alters enzymatic properties and creates an ATP-binding site in SFVmac reverse transcriptase.
Introduction: Amino acid sequence alignments of the polymerase domains of SFVmac and HIV-1 revealed that the SFVmac AZT resistance mutations do not correspond to the ones obtained with highly AZT-resistant HIV-1 RT (M41L, D67N, K70R, T215Y/F and K219Q/E).
Geographic and temporal trends in the molecular epidemiology and genetic mechanisms of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance: an individual-patient- and sequence-level meta-analysis.
Method: Thymidine-analog mutations (TAMs) were defined as the NRTI SDRMs M41L, D67N/G/E, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F/S/C/D/E/I/V, and K219Q/E/N/R.
Result: Of the 34 NRTI SDRMs, 16 occurred in >=0.1% of the 50,870 viruses from all regions: most commonly M184V, the TAMs (M41L, D67G/N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, K219E/Q), the T215 revertants (T215C/D/
Transmitted Drug Resistance Mutations in Antiretroviral-Naive Injection Drug Users with Chronic HIV-1 Infection in Iran.
Discussion: In contrast to these earlier reports that identified a limited number of NRTI mutations (T215D, K219Q and D67G, V75A) with a low overall frequency (4.2% and 5.1%, respectively) in newly infected Iranian cases, we detected a variety of NRTI SDRMs (M41L, D67N, K70R, V75M, F116Y, M184V, L210W, T215Y, and K219E) with a higher overall frequency (10%) in chronically infected IDUs in the city of Sanandaj (Table 2).
Assessing transmissibility of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations from treated and from drug-naive individuals.
Discussion: We show here that D30N, N88D/S and L90 M also have high transmissibility and that other SDRMs have higher (M41L, T215Rev and K219E/N/Q/R for NRTIs and K101E/P for the NNRTIs) or lower transmissibility (K70E/R, L74I/V, and T215Y/F for NRTIs; Y181C/I/V for NNRTIs and I84 V and I54A/L/M/S/T/V for protease inhibit
Low Incidence of HIV-1C Acquired Drug Resistance 10 Years after Roll-Out of Antiretroviral Therapy in Ethiopia: A Prospective Cohort Study.
Discussion: Despite the extensive use of thymidine analogues like AZT or D4T in Ethiopia and unlike previous similar studies, TAMs characterized by the mutations M41L, L210W, T215Y (TAM-path 1) and D67N, K70R, T215F, K219Q/E (TAM-path 2) were lacking in the current study indicating a recent period of virological failure.
The lysine 65 residue in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase function and in nucleoside analog drug resistance.
Introduction: Several mutations (the thymidine analog mutations, TAM) are required for high-level AZT resistance by excision, and include M41L, D67N, K70R, T215F or Y and K219E or Q.
Use of dolutegravir in two INI-experienced patients with multiclass resistance resulted in excellent virological and immunological responses.
PMID: 25397500
2014
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Table: K219E
Persistence of frequently transmitted drug-resistant HIV-1 variants can be explained by high viral replication capacity.
Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in newly diagnosed HIV-1 positive patients in Turkey.
PMID: 25397495
2014
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Abstract: However, thymidine analogue resistance mutations (TAMs) determined two distinct genotypic profiles in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: TAM1: M41L, L210W and T215Y, and TAM2: D67N, K70R, K219E/Q, and T215F.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2015
PloS one
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