Abstract: RESULTS: In an adjusted logistic regression, TDF treatment with nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and/or didanosine was associated with the emergence of K65R, whereas the presence of any of the thymidine analogue mutations D67N, K70R, T215F, or K219E/Q was protective.
Connection domain mutations N348I and A360V in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase enhance resistance to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine through both RNase H-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
PMID: 18547911
2008
The Journal of biological chemistry
Introduction: This region includes polymerase domain mutations M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, and K219Q/E, which are referred to as thymidine analogue-associated mutations (TAMs).
Result: Furthermore, A360V was highly correlated with various mutations considered to be part of the TAMs cluster; for example, of the samples with A360V, 35% were associated with M41L, 21% with D67N, 30% with K70R, 17% with L210W, 42% with T215Y/F, and 17% with K219Q/E
HIV drug resistance pattern among HAART-exposed patients with suboptimal virological response in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
PMID: 18667925
2008
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Abstract: Although not significant, other TAMs (M41L, T215F/Y, K219Q/E) also occurred more frequently among CRF06_cpx strains as well.
HIV type 1 subtype C drug resistance among pediatric and adult South African patients failing antiretroviral therapy.
PMID: 19000027
2008
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: Ninety-one percent of patients harbored resistance mutations; the most frequent NRTI mutations were M184V/I (37%), D67N (32%), T215Y/F (25%), K70R (21%), M41L (20%), K219Q/E (14%), and K65R (14%), reflecting the frequent use of lamuvidine and zidovudine.
Silent mutations are selected in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and affect enzymatic efficiency.
Introduction: By contrast, the mutations M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y and K219Q/E - typically referred to as thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) - augment the ability of HIV-1 RT to excise the chain-terminating NRTI-monophosphate from a prematurely terminated DNA chain.
Mechanism by which a glutamine to leucine substitution at residue 509 in the ribonuclease H domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase confers zidovudine resistance.
Result: By comparison, TAMs, which include M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, and K219Q/E, increase the ability of HIV-1 RT to excise a chain-terminating NRTI-monophosphate (NRTI-MP) from a DNA chain.
Sequential emergence and clinical implications of viral mutants with K70E and K65R mutation in reverse transcriptase during prolonged tenofovir monotherapy in rhesus macaques with chronic RT-SHIV infection.
Abstract: Different patterns of covariation were frequently observed for different mutations at the same position including the RT mutations T69D versus T69N, L74V versus
Result: K219Q/E were Type II TAMs that cluster with other Type II TAMs.
Result: The mutations included in this analysis were the 23 positively associated mutations in Table 2 and 11 additional clinically relevant NRTI-resistance mutations (K65R, A62V, T69ins, L74I/V, V75M, Y115F, M184V, and K219R/E/N).
Anti-retroviral drug resistance-associated mutations among non-subtype B HIV-1-infected Kenyan children with treatment failure.
Abstract: In 7 of 12 children, M184V appeared with one thymidine-analogue-associated mutation (TAM) as the first mutation, while the remaining 5 children had only TAMs appearing either individually (n = 2), or as TAMs 1 (M41L, L210W, and T215Y) and 2 (D67N, K70R, and K219Q/E/R) appearing together (n = 3).
Long-term foscarnet therapy remodels thymidine analogue mutations and alters resistance to zidovudine and lamivudine in HIV-1.
Abstract: Reversion of K70G --> R and K219R --> E in a patient-derived clone confirmed the contribution of individual mutations and the negative association between PFA resistance and zidovudine resistance.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2008
Clinical infectious diseases
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