Discussion: The group found H221Y was strongly associated with the use of NVP and showed positive interactions with Y181C and was also negatively associated with the use of ZDV and with TAMs (particularly TAMs-2, such as D67N, K70R, K219Q/E, and T215F) and was then associated with an increased susceptibility to ZDV.
Transmitted drug resistance and phylogenetic relationships among acute and early HIV-1-infected individuals in New York City.
PMID: 22592583
2012
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
4Method: ARV resistance was defined by mutations at the following positions: M41L, A62V, K65R, D67N, T69ins, K70R, L74VI, Y115F, F116Y, Q151M, M184VI, T210W, T215YF and K219QE for Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTI), L100I, K101EP, K103NS, V106AM
Prevalence of Drug Resistance and Associated Mutations in a Population of HIV-1(+) Puerto Ricans: 2006-2010.
Result: Statistically significant differences between men and women were observed for K70R (P = 0.04) and K219Q (P = 0.03) in 2006, K103N (P = 0.02) in 2007, K219E (P = 0.03) in 2009 (data not shown), and V118I (P = 0.03) in 2010.
Assessing subtypes and drug resistance mutations among HIV-1 infected children who failed antiretroviral therapy in Kelantan, Malaysia.
PMID: 22729198
2012
The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases
Abstract: The most prevalent RT mutations were T215F/V/Y (66.7%), D67G/N (55.6%), K219Q/E/R (44.4%), M184V/I (38.9%), K70R/E (27.8%) and M41L (27.8%), associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) resistance; and K103N (55.6%), G190A (33.3%), and K101P/E/H (27.8%) associated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) resistance.
Connection domain mutations during antiretroviral treatment failure in Mali: frequencies and impact on reverse transcriptase inhibitor activity.
PMID: 22828721
2012
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Method: Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) were defined as M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, K219E/Q.
Clinical, virological and biochemical evidence supporting the association of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase polymorphism R284K and thymidine analogue resistance mutations M41L, L210W and T215Y in patients failing tenofovir/emtricitabine therapy.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Thymidine analogue resistance mutations (TAMs) selected under treatment with nucleoside analogues generate two distinct genotypic profiles in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT): (i) TAM1: M41L, L210W and T215Y, and (ii) TAM2: D67N, K70R and K219E/Q, and sometimes T215F.
Introduction: However, combinations of M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y and K219E/Q increase ATP-mediated
Table: K219E
Virological failure rates and HIV-1 drug resistance patterns in patients on first-line antiretroviral treatment in semirural and rural Gabon.
PMID: 23199801
2012
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Result: TAM-2 mutations included K219Q/E/R (n=4), D67N/G (n=4), and K70R (n=3).
Figure: M41L, L210W, and T215Y mutations are indicative of the TAM-1 pathway; D67N/G, K70R, T215F, and K219Q/E/R mutations are indicative of the TAM-2 pathway.
Low prevalence of transmitted K65R and other tenofovir resistance mutations across different HIV-1 subtypes: implications for pre-exposure prophylaxis.
PMID: 23305651
2012
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Method: Tenofovir-associated resistance mutations included K65R, T69 insertion, K70E and >=3 thymidine-analogue mutations (TAMs; M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, K219Q/E), inclusive of either M41L or L210W.
"K70Q adds high-level tenofovir resistance to ""Q151M complex"" HIV reverse transcriptase through the enhanced discrimination mechanism."
Introduction: Increased excision of NRTIs is imparted by Excision Enhancement Mutations, typically M41L, D67N, K70R, T215Y/F, L210W, and K219E/Q (also known as Thymidine Associated Mutations, or TAMs).
Differences in reversion of resistance mutations to wild-type under structured treatment interruption and related increase in replication capacity.
Introduction: The authors reported a faster rate of reversion for primary resistance mutations (K70R, M184I/V, T215Y/F in RT, and D30N, M46I/L, V82A, L90M in PR) compared to secondary mutations (M41L, D67N, T69D/N, L210W, K219Q/E in RT and L10I/V, L63P, A71V/T, V77I in PR)
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2012
AIDS research and treatment
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